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This paper describes a design of an intelligent energy efficient lighting system based on fuzzy logic controller that uses white LEDs to produce light at the required luminance level in a typical room space. The lighting system incorporates automatic control of a room’s window shade opening, conveniently harvesting daylight. The study contains the simulation of the design in a MATLAB software environment using Fuzzy Logic Toolbox and Simulink blocks.
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Cell phones based on GSM technology for Visually Impaired People [VIP] are available in market in the recent past. GSM phones has Braille keypad with large keys that helps visually impaired people to understand the digits and the presence of voice response for key press helps the VIP’s to understand the numbers. Current Technology has enabled the blind to use cell phones more easily for voice calling as well as messaging. The current practice of creating information for the visually impaired in the form of Braille, generally involve manufacturing of molds, which is further used to create shaping material per Braille dots. However, the major disadvantage in producing mold is lower accuracy and are not economical. This paper presents a novel design for low cost manufacturing of cell phone display using small size DC motors, which enables the blind user to read incoming text messages.
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In wireless communication system Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is the most popular and secures technology in Multiuser Detection (MUD. To get the better performance of system the combination of TDMA and CDMA that is Time Division Code Division Multiple Access (TD-CDMA) is used in the communication system. In this paper, different users with spreading walsh code have been used to compute the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
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Among various techniques for preparation of nanometer size materials, chemical methods offers better orientation, which are least expensive, non-polluting and easy to incorporate suitable doping materials for altering the film properties. These processes are the variable-concentration processes which enable formation of thin films onto glass substrates in addition to the conducting films (substrates) which can potentially lead to a new generation of photovoltaic devices that are light in weight, foldable, flexible and moldable. The inorganic thin films of cadmium telluride is focused in this work by direct chemical deposition method and annealed at 200°C for 2 hrs for crystallinity improvement.
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Internet has been a boon and has certainly helped to bring the world closer. It has been a great medium for students to communicate and get information. It has transformed academic landscape. At the same time many research papers have cited misuse of internet by students. Therefore, a cross sectional study has been conducted to investigate the use of internet facility among undergraduate students from Mumbai University using a validated questionnaire.
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This project aimed to develop an ASIC to achieve the power consumption and area minimization. In this paper we present an energy efficient programmable hardware accelerator that targets multiple input multiple output decoding tasks orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system. The work is motivated by the adoption of MIMO and OFDM by almost all existing and emerging high speed wireless data communication systems. The accelerator was fabricated in 45-nm CMOS technology and occupies a core area of 2.48mm2. It delivers over all programmability across different wireless standards (Wi-Fi, 3G-Long term evolution, and WiMAX) as well as different MIMO decoding algorithms (i.e., minimum mean square error, singular valued decomposition and maximum likelihood) with extreme energy efficiency. The energy efficiency of MIMO decoder accelerator chip was compared against dedicated application specific integrated circuits for 4*4 singular value decomposition, 4*4 QR decomposition, and 2*2 minimum mean square error decoding. Here we using two logic irreversible and reversible or adiabatic logic. We have to replace the adiabatic or reversible logic gates instead of existing irreversible logic in MIMO decoder architecture.
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is used widely in wired and wireless communication systems because it offers a better solution to intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by a dispersive channel. Recently OFDM is introduced in optical communication to achieve high bit rate data transmission. In this paper, the performance analysis of direct-detection optical OFDM system is done using different modulation techniques such as QPSK, 8-QAM, 16-QAM and 32-QAM. The different performance parameters as BER, Q factor (dB) of the system are analyzed for all these modulation techniques.
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There has been huge development in the span of wireless contact above the last insufficient decades. An Ad-hoc web is a selforganized web, lacking a central coordinator, and that oftentimes adjustments its topology. The main supremacy of each groundwork -less web is the skill of the wireless node to converse alongside the rest of the globe as being mobile. The fixed backbone wireless arrangement ideal consists of a colossal number of mobile nodes and moderately less, but extra influential, fixed nodes. In difference to wired webs, every single node in an ad-hoc webs deeds like a router and forwards packets to supplementary peer nodes. The wireless channel is adjacent to both legitimate web users and
malicious attackers. As a consequence, there is a blurry frontier separating the inside web from the beyond world. The fixed nodes are hard wired employing landlines. The contact amid a fixed node and a mobile node inside its scope occurs via the wireless medium. This paper surveys the Mobile Ad-hoc Webs (MANET) their protocols and assorted aggressions exceptionally Black-hole attacks. In this paper, we have believed a frank protection setback in MANET to protect its frank functionality to hold data bits from one node to another. Nodes aid every single supplementary in communicating data to and fro and thereby crafting a adjacent set of connections amid every single other. Routing protocols
frolic an imperative act in the conception and maintenance of these connections.
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In the last few years researchers have observed two significant changes in malicious activity over the Internet. The first is the to professional profit-driven criminal activity. The second is the increasing complexity of the attacks. This paper discusses one such threat, for which we have coined the term zombies and attack mechanism for the MANETS. The intention of the attacker is to maximize the effectiveness of the DDoS attack, at the lowest possible cost, and as stealthily as possible. An attack may have different objectives: maximize the amount of ingress traffic to the victim, the egress traffic from the victim, connection state, etc.
Here we focus on raw bandwidth attacks in both directions, but emphasize on ingress traffic as it seems harder to defend against: the host has full control over egress traffic, but usually limited control over ingress traffic. This paper surveys DDoS techniques especially over mobile ad hoc networks.
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A symmetric Power Amplifier with an optimized impedance quarter wave transmission line is presented using a thermally enhanced high Power LDMOS FET i.e. a 140W Infineon PTFC261402 device. This implementation is realized in the operating frequency of LTE Band41 (2.496GHz-2.69GHz) applicable for LTE base stations. This design achieves a high efficiency that persists for an output power back off region of 6dB. The efficiencies of both class AB and Doherty are compared with respect to their output powers. Doherty attains efficiency of 59.6% at P1dB of 50dBm and fulfils the requirement of obtaining higher efficiency at the back off levels necessary for the modern communication involving high PAPR signals. The gain flatness is for 200MHz bandwidth giving a maximum gain of 16dB.
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Reactive routing protocols such as GPSR, and Ad hoc Ondemand Distance Vector (AODV)routing determination on an interest or need premise and keep up just the courses that are at present being used, along these lines lessening the weight on the system when just a subset of accessibleroutes is in use at any time. Communicationamong vehicles will just utilize an exceptionally set number of routes, and therefore reactive routing is especially suitable for this application situation.
In this paper, we take the position that VANETs would to be sure end up being the systems administration stage that would support the future vehicular applications.We analyze the factors that are critical in deciding the networking framework over the future vehicular applications. We dissect the elements that are discriminating in choosing the systems administration structure over which the future vehicular applications would be conveyed and demonstrate that there are dynamic examination endeavors towards making VANETs a reality in the near future.
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Rapid growth of technology and prevalent use of computer in the business and other areas, more and more organization are converting their paper document into electronic documents that can be processed by computer. Kannada, the native language of south western state in India has more than 60 million in Karnataka and outside. Much research has been done on the identification of English, Arabic, Japanese and Chinese. It is observed that the research on recognition of Kannada characters is still an open research problem. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a simple and efficient method for the Recognition of Kannada printed and handwritten characters. Here in the present work, the images of Kannada printed and handwritten characters are captured from an ordinary mobile camera of 5Mega pixel resolutions and images are pre-processed to remove noise.
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The microstrip patch antennas are widely used due to their advantages like planar structure, low profile, ease for manufacturing purpose and cost effectiveness. The performance characteristics of the single microstrip patch antenna can be further enhanced by using microstrip patch antenna array. This paper gives the comparative analysis of improved performance of a 2×2 microstrip patch antenna array as compared to the single microstrip patch antenna for ISM band applications. The operating frequency of the proposed antenna is 2.44 GHz, the substrate used is Rogers RT5880 and simulations are performed in CST Microwave Studio.
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In modern Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications the shifter is an important module of the processors. Thus the focus of this paper is to design the 8*8 wrap around barrel shifter using pass transistor logic [1]. It is a fundamental element of an ALU. In our proposed model the Barrel Shifter is used to design shifting operation in left to right direction. The design of our proposed circuit is done by Tanner EDA 13.2 tool and layout of the circuit is done by Credence tool. In our work we have evaluated VLSI parameters on different submicron technologies and obtain 45% reduction in power consumption in 16 nm technology compared to 22 nm.
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A thinned array is represented by a string of binary numbers. Each bit represent the element state either on state i.e. “1” or off state i.e. “0” For example an eight element array may be represented by 10110101,where the elements 2,5,7 are turned off and the elements 1,3,4,6,8 are turned on. Thinning an array to produce low side lobes is much simpler than the more general problem of non uniform spacing of the elements. The control of side lobes using non uniform technique is complex compared with thinning technique. If the array is symmetric then the number of possibilities is substantially smaller. Thinning may be considered as quantized amplitude taper where the amplitude at each element is represented by one bit. The main aim of this work is to find the best thinned array layouts using GA optimization technique with non uniform spacing. The work is extended to array of practical elements using dipole. By using pattern multiplication concept the results were obtained for array of dipoles using optimization technique. The results are very useful for practical applications. From the results it is observed that the first side lobe level and the last side lobe level and nulls are well controlled using this proposed method.
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A cost and energy efficient method of wind power generation is to connect the output of the turbine to a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), allowing operation at a range of variable speeds. DFIG wind turbine is a complex design involving multiple physical domains strongly interacting with each other. The electrical system, for instance, is influenced by the converter’s cooling system and mechanical components, including the rotor blades, shaft and gearbox. This means that during component selection and design of control schemes, the influence of domains on one another must be considered in order to achieve an optimized overall system performance such that the design is dynamic, efficient and cost-effective. Modelling such complex systems while including switching power electronic converters requires a powerful and robust simulation tool.
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In this paper, truncated corners microstrip patch antenna for UHF RFID Reader applications is proposed. It consists of square patch radiator with two truncated corners and two unequal square slots on its diagonal axis. The coaxial feed is used and the simulation is carried out in Ansoft HFSS. The 10dB return loss bandwidth and VSWR of proposed antenna is 17.1MHz and 1.1 respectively. The overall antenna size is 55 × 55 × 2mm³.
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A concise, low-profile, and planar ultra-wideband and (UWB) Bluetooth integrated antenna with dual Band WiMAX/WLAN (3.4/5.5) rejected features is proposed. The antenna works dualband operation covering 2.4–2.484 GHz (Bluetooth) and 3.1– 10.6 GHz (UWB) frequency band with single Band WLAN (5 to 6 GHz) rejected features. It is fed by the CPW and built on a substrate FR-4. By cutting C-shaped slot in the patch band-rejected filtering property for WLAN band is achieved.The calculated and simulated results are agreed fine. The antenna shows acceptable gain uniformity with stable omnidirectional radiation patterns across the UWB and Bluetooth integrated bands. The average group delay is around of 0.2 ns across the UWB frequencies.
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A new design of Low voltage Current Feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA) based on second-generation positive current conveyor and opamp has been presented in this paper. By employing opamp at the output stage, the design overcomes the problem of achieving large transimpedance in low voltage circuits.
The design is implemented using 180nm technology process and the working of the proposed CFOA has been verified using PSpice simulations. It is shown that the developed CFOA has better slew rate and uses less transistors as compared to conventional design.
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Among all the rare-earth fibre amplifiers, erbium–ytterbium codoped fibre amplifiers have received great attention during the past few years. In this work an effort has been made to optimize the performance of a hybrid amplifier configuration comprising of an EDFA and EYCDFA in terms of the length of erbium–ytterbium co-doped fibre and the concentration of erbium ions in EYCDFA. The signal power is 10mW, maximum pump power of EYCDFA is 10W, output power obtained is 4.73W with an optimized fibre length of 8-10m. Also a high output power of 19.4W has been obtained with 8-10m of fibre length as the optimum range of operation and concentration of erbium ions as 3×1019/m3 suitable for high gain. The result of range of 8-10m of fibre length is validated using various values of pump powers.
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This paper gives the idea about making Toll Plazas completely automatic. Here RF Technology merges wireless communication with unique identification method, in which every source RF Tag at vehicle emits its unique Identification Code (UIC) and then after receiving it, a receiver (at Toll Plaza) decrypts the signal and identifies the particular transmitter. Then this information about the source (vehicle) is displayed and Toll is deducted and stored for future use. But this system does not make toll collection completely automatic when there is need of recharging the user’s account. Hence, in order to make toll collection system completely automatic and to avoid corruption at Toll Plazas some unique methods are suggested in this paper.
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Cancer is one of the most commonly occurring conditions. India has one of the highest rates of cancer in the world . More than 80,000 new cases reported annually across the country. Early detection of cancer is crucial for treatment. Now a days there are various methods of cancer detection. In this paper dataset generation technique is used to find the cancerous image on MATLAB tool. It can improves the accuracy of the detection method.
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In this paper, we propose a design of Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna (CMPA) with two rectangular slots etched ground plane as DGS. The defected ground structure concept is used to improve the bandwidth, impedance matching and the relocation of resonant frequency to make the compact CMPA. The bandwidth 1320MHz with respect to center frequency 8.15GHz. The percentage bandwidth of 16.2% and the average gain of 4.74dBi is achieved.
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A compact microstrip patch array has been designed to provide better gain, return loss and bandwidth performance for Ka-band applications the feeding technique used in this array is inset feed method. The each element of array is designed by microstrip patch antenna with a single slot at different positions in rectangular structure. The Electromagnetic Simulation Software used to verify the results before fabrication is CST Microwave studio. The dielectric substrate used is RT/duroid with permittivity εr= 2.2 and height (h) = 0.25 mm. To get the better gain and return loss in the frequency range 28.64 – 28.8 GHz a 2×1 array is simulated. The simulated array is useful for the Ka band applications and shows the superior performance than earlier reported arrays.
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In this paper, we propose a design of Microstrip Logarithmic Array Antenna (MLAA) with a rectangular slot etched ground plane as DGS. The Defected Ground Structure has drastically improved bandwidth and impedance matching. The bandwidth 2530MHz with respect to center frequency 13.835GHz. The percentage bandwidth of 18.28% and the average gain of 3.6dBi are achieved.
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Embedded Zerotree Wavelet (EZW) coding was proved to be one of the best schemes for compressing wavelet decomposed image data. The symbols were generated systematically by defining a scanning pattern and predetermined symbols. These symbols are then coded by using any symbol coder. In this paper, the standard EZW algorithm was modified in three ways. First, the HH band of wavelet decomposition was ignored. Second, HH, HL and LH bands are ignored. In third, two newly added symbols are used each for positive and negative coefficients with zerotrees as descendants. These three schemes are used on ‘bior4.4’ wavelet decomposed data as was done with original EZW algorithm and on new lifting based wavelet decomposed data.
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In this paper, we propose a design of Circular Dielectric Resonator Antenna (CDRA) with a rectangular slot etched ground plane as DGS. The defected ground structure concept is used to improve the bandwidth and impedance matching. The bandwidth 3020MHz with respect to center frequency 16.48GHz. The percentage bandwidth of 18.32% and the average gain of 3.17dBi are achieved.
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In this paper, we propose a design of Circular Printed Monopole Antenna with a rectangular slot etched ground plane as DGS. The defected ground structure concept is used to improve the bandwidth and impedance matching. The bandwidth 1130MHz with respect to center frequency 13.965GHz in Ku band. The percentage bandwidth of 8.09% and the average gain of 3dBi are achieved.
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Videos with super resolution quality are giving its credit to the medical and military fraternity. One such approach is to improve the video quality from high resolution to super resolution (SR). Simply this can be done by using interpolation techniques such as nearest neighbourhood and Bilinear method. But for more appropriate reconstruction, the proposed method can be used. The principle step for it is based on Bayes theorem and an approximation of symmetric alpha-stable (SαS). It performs maximum a posterior (MAP) estimation of reconstructed high resolution (HR) image. The heavy tails of the distribution of high resolution image can be captured by the proposed algorithm and hence the edges of the reconstructed image can be preserved in better way
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MEMS device has the advantage of both electronic and mechanical systems. With the development of MEMS devices for satellite, it is possible to establish much lighter and smaller nano-satellites with higher performance and longer lifecycle. Mission costs are directly proportional to the total weight, thus the trend will be to replace bulky and heavy components of space carriers, communication and navigation platforms and of scientific payloads. MEMS devices are ideally suited to replace several of these components in the future, first by substituting larger and heavier components (e.g. a gyroscope), then by replacing entire subsystems (e.g., inertial measurement unit), and finally by enabling the micro-fabrication of highly integrated pico-sats.
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