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Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is one of the fastest adders used in many data-processing processors to perform fast arithmetic functions. From the structure of the CSLA, it is evident that there is possibility for reducing the power consumption in the CSLA. This work uses a simple and efficient gate-level modification tosignificantly reduce the delay and power of CSLA. Based on this modification 8-, 16-, 32-, and 64-b square-root CSLA (SQRT CSLA) architecture have been developed and compared with the regular SQRT CSLA architecture with the help of TANNER tool. The proposed design has reduced the power as compared with the regular SQRT CSLA This work evaluates the performance of the proposed designs in terms of power and delay by hand with logical effort and through custom design and layout in 0.125μm CMOS process technology. The results analysis shows that the implemented CSLA structure by using BEC is better than the regular SQRT CSLA.
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The aim of the paper lies in maximizing the system total throughput by optimally coordinating the relay and subcarrier assignment among the multiple pairs of two-way users .In this Paper, consider an OFDM-based network where multiple relays help multiple pairs of source nodes to conduct Bidirectional communications.. The joint optimization problem of subcarrier pairing based subcarrier assignment and relay selection for multiple two-way users is considered as a combinatorial optimization problem. Hence graph based approach is implemented to establish the equivalence between the proposed problem and a Maximum Weighted Bipartite Matching (MWBM) problem. Then the problem is solved by the corresponding graph based algorithm optimally in polynomial time
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In the paper, namely “Design and Analysis of Vehicle Information and Tracking System”, the information means the various details regarding our vehicles. These details can help us in tracking, anti-theft and creating information system of our vehicle. The design and implementation of such system includes GPS, GSM and a LEVEL METER. The GPS will collect data’s like position, velocity etc. Here in this work I have taken in account only position data to set a platform and demonstrate how information can we collected information regarding our vehicle by the help of GPS. The Level Meter used is to read the amount of fuel left. Finally used GSM, to send and inform the owner various details which is collected and integrated in ATmega 2560 controller.
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Handoff is an essential part of any Mobile Communication Network. Efficient handoff algorithms provide cost-effective way for enhancing the capacity and QOS of cellular system. Fuzzy handoff algorithm has been developed based on Received Signal Strength (RSS), Network Load, Distance between Mobile Station (MS) and Base Trans-receiver Station (BTS) and velocity as input parameters. Decision to handoff or not is based on Multiple Attribute Decision Making. Comparison is made between analog and fuzzy based technique.
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Handoff is an essential part of any Mobile Communication Network. Efficient handoff algorithms provide cost-effective way for enhancing the capacity and QOS of cellular system. Fuzzy and Neural Network handoff algorithm has been developed based on Received Signal Strength (RSS), Network Load, Distance between Mobile Station (MS) and Base Trans-receiver Station (BTS) and velocity as input parameters. Decision to handoff or not is based on Multiple Attribute Decision Making in case of fuzzy logic and Feed-Forward Back-Propagation model is used in Neural network.
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This paper introduces dual band pass patch type frequency selective surface which has diagonal slit in every square metallic patch and can be used for narrow band application for X and Ku band. Effort has been given to make this FSS narrow band with sharp roll off. Between these two stop bands there exists a broad pass band with 5 GHz bandwidth from 9 GHz to 14 GHz. This design is investigated theoretically by ANSOFT® software and practically by standard microwave test bench and the measured result shows a good agreement with the simulated one.
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In this project high resolution satellite image classification is mostly used for obtaining information about urban areas and agriculture land for private people and government. Based on object based approach image classification is done by using fuzzy logic. When compared to other classification approach like clustering K-means clustering algorithm and other algorithms, we get the accurate classification result using the fuzzy logic.By using external measures and internal measures, we get the result for image classification.In this project, we get the accurate result only by analyzing the external measures like purity and entropy. The algorithm was implemented in MATLAB GUI model and was tested on remotely sensed images of ditinct sensors, resolutions and complexity levels.
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Wireless communication draws the attention of various and that is because, it increases data throughput and also the link range without the increased transmit power or additional bandwidth. The explanation and prediction of the inside distribution field such tunnels are excited by the electric antenna which is essential for deployment of wireless communication system. Primary objective of the study is to understand and model propagation of MIMO channel through a tunnel. Secondary objective is to analyze the applications of modal theory. To explore how modal theory can be applied in identifying wave propagation through tunnels and to simulate it using MATLAB.
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In this paper, we designed a rectangular cut shape microstrip patch antenna for the performance improvement using the spectrum analyzer. The rectangular cut is of 10×5 mm at the center. The return loss of rectangular cut shape microstrip patch antenna designed at the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz shows enhancement at a substrate height of 1.6 mm. We get return loss at dual band of frequency. This paper shows the decreased in return loss & a very good practically value of VSWR obtain at the 2.4 GHz resonant frequency. Gain as well as Directivity is also improves in this paper. These structures are simulated using IE3D version 12.29 Zeland software incorporation.
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In this paper, we propose a design of circular microstrip patch antenna (CMPA) with a rectangular slot etched ground plane as DGS. The defected ground structure concept is used to improve the bandwidth, impedance matching and the relocation of resonant frequency to make the compact CMPA. The size reduction of about 14% compared to the actual area required to resonate at 5.6GHz. The bandwidth 270MHz with respect to center frequency 5.595GHz which covers wireless bands such as HiperLAN/2 band. The percentage bandwidth of 4.82% and the average gain of 4.5dBi is achieved.
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Spread Spectrum Radar has gained lot of importance now a days. Like communication where the data is made to spread over the entire bandwidth, in the same way in radar also the input waveform is spreaded over a large bandwidth. This has several advantages also like the waveform cannot be detected by any unwanted user or intruder as some codes are being used to to do the trick. As per the topic of the paper, multiples waveforms are being designed and implemented as input of the radar and the performance of the same has been tested in simulation.
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This paper gives an encyclopedic analysis of security with respect to NFC. It is not defined to a certain application of NFC, but it uses a methodical approach to scrutinize the various aspects of security whenever an NFC interface is used. There are so many misconceptions about security in NFC in various applications and the authors want to clear them up through this paper. This paper lists the threats, which are common to NFC, and also portray some solutions for protection against these threats. All of this is given in the context of currently available NFC hardware, NFC applications and possible future developments of NFC.
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The analytical framework for modeling a priority-based load balancing scheme in cellular networks based on a new algorithm called direct retry with truncated offloading channel resource pool (DRK). The model, developed for a baseline case of two cell network, differs in many respects from previous works on load balancing. Foremost, it incorporates the call admission process, through random access. In specific, the proposed model implements the Physical Random Access Channel used in 3GPP network standards. Furthermore, the proposed model allows the differentiation of users based on their priorities. The quantitative results illustrate that, for example, cellular network operators can control the manner in which traffic is offloaded between neighboring cells by simply adjusting the length of the random access phase. Our analysis also allows for the quantitative determination of the blocking probability individual users will experience given a specific length of random access phase. Furthermore, it is observed that the improvement in blocking probability per shared channel for load balanced users using DRK is maximized at an intermediate number of shared channels, as opposed to the maximum number of these shared resources. This occurs because a balance is achieved between the number of users requesting connections and those that are already admitted to the network and the proposed load balancing scheme in the context of opportunistic spectrum access.
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are composed of small communicating nodes, which contains a sensing unit, wireless communication module, processor, memory and power supply. The performance of wireless sensor networks strongly depends on their network lifetime. Cluster based routing protocols are well known for extending Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime. However, there are several energy efficient cluster-based protocol. After deployment and designing of the network, dynamic Power Management approaches with the purpose of reduction of energy consumption in sensor node. These sensors have strong interest to use intelligent tools due to their simple parallel distributed computation, distributed storage, data robustness especially in neural network. These characteristics are well considered in the neural network based algorithms such as ART, ARTl, FUZZY ART, SOM and REBCS.This paper presents a new centralized adaptive Residual Energy Based Clustering protocol through the application of Self organizing map neural networks (called REBC-S) which can cluster sensor nodes, based on multi parameters, energy level and coordinates of sensor nodes. The new algorithm enables us to form energy balanced clusters and equally distribute energy consumption so that it can able to extend the lifetime of network with more network coverage.
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In this paper, we propose a design of Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna (CMPA) with a rectangular slot etched ground plane as DGS. The defected ground structure concept is used to relocation of frequency and this DGS acts as a switch to two different bands of HiperLAN. The size reduction of about 12% compared to the actual area required to resonate at 5.6GHz and 20.8% compared to actual area required to resonate at 5.2GHz. The bandwidth of 270MHz achieved due to slot in position 2 with respect to centre frequency 5.235GHz which covers HiperLAN/1 band, the bandwidth of 270MHz achieved due to slot in position 1 with respect to center frequency 5.595GHz which covers wireless bands such as HiperLAN/2 band.
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Due to the growing needs of computing device Multihop Wireless Networks (MWNs) such as Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have gained a lot of interest. Quality of Service provisioning in these networks is needed to support multimedia and real time applications. Directional antenna technology provides the capability for considerable in spatial reuse. A bandwidth reservation protocol for QoS routing in TDMA based multihop wireless networks using directional antennas is proposed. MAC layer uses routing algorithm to reserve a path to a particular destination with a needed bandwidth which is represented by the number of slots in TDMA frame. Thus the QoS is improved in wireless system.
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Now a days we are using very large data base in real life, but it takes more time to process, manipulate and update the data in the data base. So in computer science, Divide and Conquer (D & C) is an important algorithm design paradigm based on multibranched recursion. The divide and conquer algorithm works by recursively breaking down a problem into two or more subproblems of the same (or related) type, until these become simple enough to be solved directly. The solutions to the sub-problems are then combined to give a solution to the original problem. Already this one widely used technique, now I am trying to implement the Divide and Conquer (D & C) technique in parallel computer using Network.
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