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This paper presents an improved low power design of a 4-bit Johnson Counter which is designed using pulse-triggered flip flop and GDI based clock gated logic. The proposed design shows a power reduction of 66.73% as compared to the conventional Johnson counter & 44.76% as compared to the clock gated Johnson counter. Pulse triggered flip flop employed in the proposed design can save power up to 39.67% as compared to the Master Slave Flip flop of the conventional design. All the simulations were carried out using Tanner EDA in 90nm CMOS technology.

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In this paper, a proposed 1-bit hybrid full adder design employing both transmission gate logic and complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) logic is reported. The design is implemented for 1-bit Ripple Carry Adder and then is extended for 64-bit Ripple Carry Adder. The circuit is implemented using Mentor Graphics tools 130nm technology. The performance parameters such as delay, area, total power dissipation and power delay product (PDP) were compared with the existing designs such as Conventional CMOS full adder (CMOS), Complementary pass transistor logic (CPL), Transmission function full adder (TFA), HPSC full adder and Low Energy HPSC full adder with proposed 1-bit hybrid full adder and modified 1-bit hybrid full adder. For 1V supply at 130-nm technology, the average power consumption is found to be extremely low with moderately low delay resulting from the deliberate incorporation of very weak CMOS inverters coupled with strong transmission gates. The design is further extended for 32-Bit and 64-bit full adder also, and is found to be working efficiently with less delay and less power dissipation at 130-nm technology for 1V Supply voltage. In comparison with the previous full adder designs, the hybrid adder offers significant improvement in terms of power, area and speed.

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This paper demonstrates the designing, simulation of stable GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) based Class F Two stage power amplifier (PA) at L Band having flat gain. Load and source pull techniques are used to find the optimum impedances. Small signal parameters are simulated and are presented over a frequency band of 0.960 – 1.1GHz.Under Vds= 28V, Vgs= -2.3V operating conditions at 1GHz,this two stage class F power amplifier provides a flat gain of 44.808dB at 1 GHz. The matching network is built on RT/Duroid by Rogers with 2.3 dielectric constant.

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In this paper, we report on a new approach for improving security and privacy in certain RFID applications whereby location or location-related information (such as speed) can serve as a legitimate access context. Examples of these applications include access cards, toll cards, credit cards, and other payment tokens.
We show that location awareness can be used by both tags and back-end servers for defending against unauthorized reading and relay attacks on RFID systems. On the tag side, we design a location-aware selective unlocking mechanism using which tags can selectively respond to reader interrogations rather than doing so promiscuously. On the server side, we design a location-aware secure transaction verification scheme that allows a bank server to decide whether to approve or deny a payment transaction and detect a specific type of relay attack involving malicious readers. The premise of our work is a current technological advancement that can enable RFID tags with low-cost location (GPS) sensing capabilities. Unlike prior research on this subject, our defenses do not rely on auxiliary devices or require any explicit user involvement.

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In wireless communication CDMA plays a vital role spread spectrum transmission schemes which spreads the data to increase the channel bandwidth much greater than is required by the Nyquist Sampling theorem. The spreading codes for data spreading have to be carefully chosen for efficient communication systems. The technique for generating code sequences should be aimed at a large family of sequences in order to accommodate a large number of users with an impulsive-type auto correlation which enhances system synchronization and possibly with low cross-correlation functions, to reduce multiple access interference.Since the existing CDMA codes Fail to satisfy all these properties,a new PN sequence Generated based on RNS is proposed. Correlation properties of the generated code are compared with other standard PN sequences since it defines the amount of interference generated from multiple users. Finally, multiple access properties of the spread spectrum is analyzed and an analytical model for evaluating the system performance is made.

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Ancient Documents plays an essential role within the history. Libraries round the world hold many historical written documents. Their contents may be preserved by digitizing these documents and created accessible to massive community. In recent years, libraries have begun to digitalise these historical documents corpora that are of curiosity to a spacious vary of individuals, with the aim of protective the content and create it conferred via electronic media. During this analysis some usual techniques can discover that ought to allow the retrieval of contents from these pictures. Such techniques embody Image Binarization and Image Denoising by using advanced Neutrosophic approach. In this analysis, an adaptive median filter is used for Image Binarization & denoising along with Gaussian, Mean and Median filters. An comparison is made on the result analysis of all previous work & proposed method.

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Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of seismic waves through the earth. The large improvement has been seen in seismology from around hundreds of years. The seismic data plays an important role in the seismic data acquisition. The recorded seismic data is used by seismologists for analysis purpose. This analysis includes mapping of Earths interior, locating an earthquake properly, and measuring magnitude of an earthquake. The more efficient systems are used now a day to locate the earthquakes as large improvements has been done in this field. In older days analog systems are used for data acquisition. The analog systems record seismic signals in a permanent way. These systems are large in size, costly and are incompatible with computer. Due to these drawbacks these analog systems are replaced by digital systems so that data can be recorded digitally. In this paper, a recent development in seismic data acquisition has been focused. A cost-effective, small size seismic data acquisition system is implemented successfully based on ARM. The system consists of an Accelerometer sensor for sensing seismic signal along 3-axis corresponding to accelerations and can save the respective data in the memory which can be used for further analysis. The software routines written in MATLAB give graphical representation of seismic data along X, Y, and Z axis. An ARM processor compares the input signal with reference signal which is already set into the ARM processor. If the value of input signal exceeds reference signal then an alarm about possibility of an earthquake rang in PC.

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Interference Cancellation System (ICS) for 3GPP/LTE system is the broadband cancellation system, which receives forward signal through the donor antenna. We proposed new algorithm of received signal with pilot and non-pilot de-sign. Although repeater design needs our project, so in this paper we discuss about interference cancellation algorithm for 2×2 MIMO systems without pilot in LTE. First explain the general principle structure of 3GPP/LTE, next determine our new design and algorithm. Finally, we simulated our mathematic extraction of proposed new algorithm on MAT-LAB.

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In opportunistic networks end to end connection between source and destination exists rarely. So, we consider MANETS which offers the end to end path between source and destination. the two important functions, traditionally provided by the transport layer, are ensuring the reliability of data transmission between source and destination, and ensuring that the network does not become congested with traffic. Transfer reliability and congestion control mechanisms have to be implemented in the network on a per-hop basis, and traditional fixed network functions, such as packet forwarding and dropping and congestion control, become more tightly coupled. The main focus is on high message delivery ratio or low delivery latency.

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The study of the optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and carbon nanobuds by means of optical spectroscopy and electron microscopy is presented in this letter.A novel analysis method that is based on optical absorption spectroscopy was developed in order to meet the challenge of accurately and efficiently evaluating the diameter distribution in any bulk SWCNT sample. Properties of SWCNTs that were synthesized both in lab-scale and semi-industrial scale aerosol reactors were investigated in detail by using the proposed method. The results show that the diameter of SWCNTs can be easily altered over a broad range from 1.1 to 1.9 nm in the same reactor by varying the growth conditions. This can introduce a new method to control the diameter in the synthesis of SWCNTs. The further application that of SWCNTs with optimized properties deposited as thin films on a saturable absorber was also demonstrated in this work. The other important work involves the optical properties of carbon nanobuds. Focusing on a freestanding individual nanobud, as opposed to bulk samples of nanobuds, allowed us for the first time to observe the Raman features of a nanobud with Raman spectroscopy.

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Compared to spraying pesticides manually outdoors, the environment is more closed, and has a high temperature, humidity and so on for operating the spray work in the green-house. In order to protect laborer and reduce labor intensity, we develop a prototype of pesticide spraying robot specially used in the green house.Robot is controlled with a PIC16F877A microcontroller. Designing of the latest inverted ROBOT which can be controlling using an APP for android mobile. We are developing the remote buttons in the android app by which we can control the robot motion with them. And in which we use Bluetooth communication to interface controller and android. Controller can be interfaced to the Bluetooth module though UART protocol. According to commands received from android the robot motion can be controlled. The consistent output of a robotic system along with quality and repeatability are unmatched Although the productivity of the prototype is not quite efficient, the robot still meets the requirements of pesticide spraying in the greenhouse without human operators.

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Scaling of transistor features sizes has improves performance, increase transistor density and reduces the power consumption. A chip’s maximum power consumption depends on its technology as well as its implementation. As technology scales down and CMOS circuits are powered by lower supply voltages, standby leakage current becomes significant. As the threshold voltage is reduced due to scaling, it leads to increase in sub threshold leakage current and hence increase in static power dissipation. This paper presents performance analysis of inverter using conventional CMOS, stack and dual threshold transistor stacking, sleepy stack, sleepy keeper technique etc. The performance analyses of inverter were analyzed in 90nm technology using Virtuoso software (cadence). In order to reduce the static power dissipation, one has to sacrifice circuit performance and area. This paper presents the comparative study of all the approaches. In the proposed circuit the utilization of the sleepy keeper approach with stacking of transistor is incorporated for further reduction of the leakage power.

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Underwater communication is the recent area of research among researchers to explore the underwater activities. In underwater environments, acoustic wave is preferred over radio and optical waves as information carrier, because the latter two suffer from high attenuation and severe scattering correspondingly in the medium of water.The wireless communication inside water is quite similar to outside of the water of this a little effect of rarer vs denser factor affects the communication. In the proposed method using a wireless communication with multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) systems enables increased spectral efficiency for a given total transmit power. Large capacity is achieved by introducing additional spatial channels that are exploited by using LDPC coding technique. The environmental factors that affect MIMO capacity. These factors contain channel complexity, the external interference, and channel estimation error. It was shown that, if multiple antennas are used at transmitter and or receiver can improve data rate and reliability. In the proposed work simulate our proposed phenomena on different window size in FFT, compare ours model with different two major modulation technique that is BPSK and QAM. Our results shows that better output for BPSK as compare to other famous technique. The overall system performance will improve by our proposed methodology. This proposed work we focused on two performance parameters they are, first one is the bit error rate (BER) and second one is the frame error rate (FER) and we see that for different window size BPSK perform better rather than others.

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In Electronics and Electrical Engineering Industry, FRC and IDCb cables play a major role in data transfer. A major challenge lies in failure of these cables. It could be either loss or excess of data flow or it could be data corruption due to mishandling or damage in these lines. This issue may arrive while manually installing connectors over these cables, and this happens to be a stumbling block to overcome now a days. As a consequence, a lot of reverse engineering is being done in order to trace the problem and many ribbons are being sent back for reinstallation which might cause wastage of time and even material. So, at least to predict the error at the installation stage itself would reduce the time wastage and could also bring out the alertness to install properly. It could be a better choice to choose a controller based circuit for its flexibility to test in with many logics. The objective of IDC cable test jig is to test the functionality of these FRC and IDC Ribbons using a micro controller circuit which would provide flexibility to test various bit connectors and indicate whether installation is done properly.

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The film industry is a fast developing industry these days.Though the advancements in technology has reached the zenith in various sectors yet film industry still remains less affected by the advancements in technology. One instance of this fact is that many a times in the shooting location the film director has to be at the mercy of several people to implement various actions such as for adjusting the lights or the camera according to his will. This has in turn limited the director from implementing his ideas and talents to the expected level. It is in this scenario that we have come up with our work ‘Avasam Nirdeshakah- Automatic Director’. This concept could also be extended to various other applications such as home automation, automation in construction sites, voice controlled appliances and so on.

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The main objective of this paper is to know about Passive Optical Network.It is a type of network based on Optical Fibre. Passive optical network is used for reliability and high data rate. This network enables the service providers to get the unlimited virtual bandwidth for transmitting video, audio and data simultaneously. In this paper we shall study about evolution, architecture, technologies, advantages and disadvantages of passive optical network.

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This task speaks to a double mode Logic circuit for low power applications. Presently a day’s energy utilization is the significant part in chip plan .If the region of the chip is decreased, the force utilization and the postponements are expanded because of a few impacts like, cross talk, process variety and channel impacts of CMOS gadgets. The CMOS rationales are most utilized as a part of rationale outline. Be that as it may, it has a few Disadvantages related with force utilization. So we can go to the double mode rationale. The proposed rationale is worked between static mode and element mode. In ordinary CMOS rationale it requires distinctive sort of circuits for static and element mode. Be that as it may, this proposed rationale works in both modes in a solitary circuit .The 4 bit convey look ahead viper is planned by double mode rationale in this task. It was composed in sub edge locale and different procedure advances like 90nm, 70nm, 50nm and 32nm.The proposed CLA snake is arranged as computerized circuit, too simple circuit and power utilization, delay and zone were measured. It has been contrasted and existing static CMOS rationale and element CMOS rationale with different procedure
innovations. A new low power dynamic CMOS one piece full viper cell is displayed. In this configuration the tedious XOR entryways are wiped out. It depends on Majority Function. This new cell is contrasted and two broadly utilized element adders and in addition other ordinary and as of late proposed architectures. It is executed in two level element CMOS with zipper method and the quantity of transistors, chip range and exchanging movement is essentially
diminished

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This paper is based on Compact Planar Antenna designs. Metamaterial antennas are a class of antennas which use metamaterial structures to increase the performance of the patch antenna. They exhibit properties such as negative permittivity and negative refraction. To implement this, repeated pattern is
created in the antenna surface which thereby shows the property of metamaterials. Reactive Impedance Surfaces are elements which mimics the property of metamaterials in such a way that these substances replace metamaterials while designing the antenna. In this paper, a novel design that incorporates mushroom structures, split ring resonators and ‘eyebrow structures’ were designed to get better output characteristics. Concurrently, various metamaterial
antenna structures were studied, simulated and their performance characteristics were analyzed using HFSS software.

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Automation plays an important role in present world. The localization of number plate is an important area of research. An adaptive threshold method is applied to overcome the dynamic changes of illumination conditions when converting the image into binary. Connected Component Analysis Technique (CCAT) is utilized to find candidate objects inside the unknown image. A scale-invariant geometric relationship matrix is introduced to model the layout of symbols in any LP that simplifies system adaptability when applied in different countries. Most of the CCAT problems, such as touching or broken bodies, are minimized by modifying the ANPR to perform partial match until reaching an acceptable fitness value. The system is implemented using MATLAB and various image samples are experimented with to verify the distinction of the proposed system. Encouraging results with 98.4% overall accuracy are reported for two different datasets having variability in orientation, scaling, plate location, illumination, and complex background.

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The purpose of this document is to present an overview into the building of the ‘Silent Horn System’, that transmits the vehicular horn as an infrared signal, instead of the audible noisy sound. This document provides the block diagram representing the different parts of the circuitry, detailed description of the hardware,
circuit diagram and the PCB layout that was used by us. This document concludes by providing merits of the project, followed by suggestions for future development. The ‘Silent Horn System’ is an innovation in the existing automobile horn system, developed by us. It uses IR LEDs and TSOPs to transmit and receive Infrared signals as horn. Buzzers are used produce sound inside vehicles to alert the driver. For making the system compatible with the existing horn system, we have included the normal sound horn with the silent horn. The driver may use any horn, depending on the situation, preferably the silent one. The selection is done by a two level switch. If the user presses on the switch softly, the silent horn is activated, and if a bit more pressure is applied, the sound horn is activated. If implemented in a wide scale, this project can reduce vehicular noise pollution to a great extent. This system has been found to be very efficient in highways and straight roads.

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In this paper, we have reviewed the literature for Optical Burst Switching (OBS) network and some of the parameters are studied for the performance optimization of OBS. The transfer of optical switching paradigm to optical burst switching faces serious downfall in the field of Burst aggregation,routing, authentication, dispute resolution and quality of service (QOS).

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In any power system, the demonstrating and recreation of three and seven-level Dual Voltage Source Converter based element voltage restorer (DVR) went for revising the supply voltage list/swell and intrusion in low voltage conveyance systems. The proposed outline models of DVSC based DVR are relied upon to be most capable answers for minimize supply voltage unsettling influences of the delicate burdens. A DVR is a VSC based force gadgets gadget joined in arrangement between the supply and the basic burdens, which are to be shielded from the supply side voltage quality issues, other than blackouts, by infusing the required repaying voltage through DVR into the circulation line. The proposed models of DVR together with the controllers are recreated by utilizing MAT LAB Simulink and the outcomes are exhibited to survey the execution of every gadget. The issue of voltage lists and its serious effect on touchy burdens is surely understood. To take care of this issue, The DVR is a present day and vital custom force gadget for pay voltage lists in force appropriation frameworks. The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is quick, adaptable and productive answer for voltage droop issue. The DVR is an arrangement compensator used to moderate voltage hangs and to restore load voltage to its appraised esteem. In this paper, an outline of the DVR, its capacities, arrangements, parts, working modes, voltage infusion routines and shut – circle control of the DVR yield voltage are surveyed alongside the gadget abilities and confinements. The concept is applied to induction motor to know the working practically.

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A precise and computationally efficient method for classification of Electromyography (EMG) signal has been the subject of extensive research in recent history. Because of its importance in prognosis of neuromuscular diseases and applicability in development of man machine interfaces. In this study, we presented a complete model of EMS signal classification which covers the filtration, feature extraction and classification. In the presented model the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) with some filters is used for filtration of raw EMG signals then after the features of the signals are extracted using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) after that these coefficients are used as training vectors for the Support Vector Machine (SVM) which finally trained to perform the classification. The performance of the presented technique is evaluated by extensively testing the algorithm for various conditions like number of training samples, duration of samples, level of decompositions and type of kernel function, similarly the different performance measures like TPR, FPR, Accuracy, F-measure etc. are calculated. The results obtained by simulation shows that the presented algorithm provides excellent accuracy.

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In this paper, a Bayesian combination system for remotely detected multi-band images is displayed. The watched images are identified with the high ghostly and high spatial determination image to be recuperated through physical corruptions, e.g., spatial and ghastly obscuring and/or subsampling characterized by the sensor qualities. The combination issue is figured inside of a Bayesian estimation structure. A proper former circulation abusing geometrical thought is presented. To figure the Bayesian estimator of the scene of enthusiasm from its back conveyance, a Markov chain Monte Carlo calculation is intended to create tests asymptotically dispersed by target dissemination. To effectively test from this high-measurement dispersion, a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo step is presented in the Gibbs inspecting methodology. The productivity of the proposed combination system is assessed concerning a few best in class combination methods. This paper introduces an assessment of a few image combination techniques. The image combination is being utilized one of the famous methods in image handling. Various image combination systems have been utilized as a part of different applications. Image combination joins the data from distinctive images of single scene to get an enlightening image which is more proper for human representation or further vision preparing. Image prevalence is an unequivocally related over image center. The real target of image combination is to consolidate data from different images of the single scene keeping in mind the end goal to convey just the profitable data.

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The employment of MIMO technology in cooperative communication has many advantages like high data rates, coverage and reliability. MIMO technology also has disadvantages such as high computational complexity and high cost since it employs more antennas and RF chains. Antenna selection technology is used to overcome this drawback, Which selects the best out of the antennas based on the channel state information. Different transmit antenna selection techniques have been proposed for MIMO systems which includes suboptimal antenna selection that reduces the computational process of selecting the best antenna. But those optimal and suboptimal antenna selection techniques have not been inquired perfectly for the MIMO relay systems. In this paper, a suboptimal transmit antenna selection for MIMO relay system is proposed which reduces the computational complexity and its performance is good compared with optimal transmit antenna selection and other suboptimal transmit antenna selections

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Synthesis of distributed Brillouin scattering modeling in optical fibers using a newly developed algorithm. The simulations of a distributed fiber optic sensor are carried out with the aim for temperature and strain sensing. The behaviors of Brillouin scattering in optical fibers are studied through the backscatter signals under various operating parameters along the optical fibers using the developed MATLAB codes. The analysis of back scatter signals characteristics when affected by temperature and strain are presented. All simulated models illustrate exceptional accuracy vis-à-vis published measurement results. The work carried out paved way for a more complex distributed Brillouin scattering modeling.In this thesis work, EDFA equations analyzed at ODE- 15s are used instead of differential equations used in the past,for temperature and strain measurement.

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Document Images are documents that normally begin on paper and are then via electronics scanned. These documents have rich internal structure and might only be available in image form. Supplementally, they may have been created by a union of printing technologies (or by handwriting); and include diagrams, tables, graphics and other non-textual component. Large collections of such complex documents are commonly found in legal investigation. Many approaches come in for indexing and retrieval document images. In this paper we proposed a framework for classify non-textual document image retrieval approaches, and then we evaluated these approaches based on important measures.

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Fast analysis of digital knowledge exchange happens in recent year and net based mostly communications are evolving at an incredible rate for quicker transmission of valuable knowledge. Since net has several points of attack. Thus this info ought to be protected. Secret writing has become a crucial thanks to shield data resources particularly on the net. In cryptography secret writing involves applying special mathematical algorithms and keys to remodel digital knowledge into cipher code before they retransmitted to form it indecipher able to anyone except the supposed receiver who is aware of the non-public key. Image secret writing theme is planned supported combination of constituent shuffling. Shuffling is employed to expand diffusion with in the image and dissipate the high correlation among image pixels and secret writing involves the applying of mathematical algorithms and keys to urge back the initial knowledge from cipher code. In natural pictures the values and placement of the neighboring pixels are powerfully related. The planned methodology breaks this correlation increasing entropy of the placement and entropy of constituent values mistreatment block shuffling and secret writing by chaotic sequence severally. The target of safety measures management is to supply authentication of users, and integrity, accuracy and safety of information resources.

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Spectrum is a limited resource in wireless communication and thus it limits the data rate for transmission. But the emergence of multiple antenna system i.e MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output) has explored the space dimension for information transmission. MIMO system provides a solution for increase in gain of capacity without increasing the use of spectrum. Thus, the MIMO is an attractive scheme in the evolution of fourth generation broadband wireless communication. The MIMO system is mainly attractive for increasing the efficiency with multiple antennas. The MIMO scheme had been simulated and evaluated in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) versus the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) .

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