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A Set Top Box (STB) is a device that enables a television set to receive and decode digital television (DTV) signals. IR Decoders also known as STB has now been enabled with additional features to become interactive. If we add a extra device to existing STBs in order to access internet, then we can call it as IP STB. IP STB’s with an added advantage of internet browsing over the TV with the existing network that they have already established. So, there is a need to integrate Internet browsing feature on Set Top Box (STB) as an additional feature to provide value to interactive television services. Even though there are ways to perform such a task, but providing a good design with a capable processor and operating system which are capable of handling more present and futuristic with cost effective looks to be challenging. ARM core processors and Linux operating system (OS) may be employed in implementation of interactive television.
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Since 1971 Integrated Circuits are the essence of Electronics Engineering. Transistors are frequently used active device in these ICs. For operation of ICs, proper biasing is essential. Current mirrors made by using active devices have come to be widely used in analog integrated circuits both as biasing elements and as load devices for amplifier stages. The use of current mirrors in biasing can result in superior insensitivity of circuit performance to variations in power supply and temperature. This paper compares different current mirror circuits using Pspice simulation tool using 0.35u technology.
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In the current VLSI digital circuits, power consumption is one of the main design concerns. Power consumption has become a critical concern in both high performance and portable applications. In this paper, two low power techniques are being discussed. One is Adiabatic technique and other is Bulk-biased technique. The performance of conventional 6T SRAM circuit is compared with adiabatic 6T SRAM circuit and bulk-biased 6T SRAM circuit. Using these techniques a greater degree of power reduction has been achieved. Simulation of 6T SRAM has been done using 180nm CMOS technology and TANNER TOOLS.
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Cognitive imagination in neuroscience brain signaling and imaging technologies have started to provide us with the capability to interface human brain and our application. This capability is only possible with EEG electrodes, EEG acquisition circuit with controller. Controller is used for monitoring signal processing. Research scholars have used this technology to make BCI using MATLAB or serial interface with Arduino-uno controller. In this technology we proposed a method based on EEG signal extracted and controlled by Arduino-uno controller and controlling signal is applied to FES (Functional Electrical Stimulator) system it will provide the micro volts current to the nerves of a paralyzed person based on his brain activity.
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The helical antenna is also called as the helix antenna. Generally the Helical antennas are using for the satellite communication and space communication because this type of antennas are provide the much or higher gain. The gain of the helical antennas is increasing by decreasing the spacing between the turns of coil and also the increasing the number of turns in the helical antenna. Designing and the calculation for this new antenna have been done with the help of HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) software. By increasing the number of turns and decreasing the spacing between the turns of coil, the gain of the axial mode helical antenna on S-band and Ku-band increased at the central frequency compared to the L-band.
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We demonstrated experimentally and by simulations a novel kind of high contrast metal grating, where grating structure is no more rectangular but a multiple step structure with each step of different refractive index. Finite difference time domain simulations and calculations are done over visible and ultraviolet region. Influence of filling factor and grating periods are investigated. Experimentally, high reflectivity about 99.9% for the fundamental TE and TM waveguide modes, are demonstrated for light of 0.55μm wavelength in silicon-on-insulator ridge waveguides. Moreover for TE mode high reflectivity is obtained for multiple wavelengths.
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This paper presents a low power full adder circuit by comparing conventional 28T adder with Transmission gate adder and with the 14T adder circuitry. All full adder circuits available are designed using 0.18μm CMOS technology and all these are tested on MENTOR GRAPHICS in design architecture tool. The different circuits of full adders are simulated on the basis of speed, power consumption and area. Also, an analysis is carried out for various parameters such as delay, power dissipation etc. at different values of VDD.
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A wireless sensor networks consists of a thousands of sensor node distributed over an area. These nodes are directly interacting with their environment by sensing the physical parameters such as temperature, pressure, vibration, motion, humidity. The sensor nodes are inexpensive portable devices with limited processing power and energy resources. For maximizing the lifetime of wireless sensor network we need an effective routing approach. In WSN a large coverage area is also useful for gathering information from the whole network. Current routing protocols consume more energy in transmitting data to base station and these protocols do not guarantee the efficient deployment of sensor nodes. This work deals with minimum energy consumption of node in data transmission and also deals with area utilization problem. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) [1] is a popular cluster-based structure which is proposed in wireless sensor. It is a type of MAC protocol based on TDMA system.
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Fundamental frequency (F0) or pich estimatin is important problem in speech recognition to extract the features of speech signal. It gives information about the speakers emotion and the gender specific analysis. Here an algorithm presented to estimate pitch of a speech signal using improved Auto-Correlation Function(ACF) method. The frequency present in the speech signal is harmonically related to the fundamental frequency and is the integr multiples of F0. Here energy present in the signal is calculated to find the positions where the pitch value is high or less. The fundamental frequency of speech can vary from 40 Hz for low-pitched male voices to 600 Hz for children or high-pitched female voices. This algorithm gives very accurate analysis for the estimation of pitch variations according to voiced or unvoiced signal.
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This paper describe the design of series feed microstrip antenna array. The microstrip array antenna is simulated using the IE3D electromagnetic simulator. The microstrip array antenna is designed on the glass epoxy FR4 dielectric substrate having the thickness of 1.6 mm. The designed antenna array resonates at a frequency of 5 GHz. The different parameters of antenna array such as gain return loss and radiation pattern is investigated .The tapering in the width of the patch is done to reduce the side lodes level (SLL).
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Speech recognition basically means talking to a computer, having it recognize what speakers are saying. Speech is common and efficient form of communication method for people to interact with each other. The person would also like to interact with computer via speech. It can be accomplished by speech recognition system in which computer identifies the word spoken by a speaker into a microphone. Speech recognition is becoming more complex and a challenging task. The research is focusing on large vocabulary, continuous speech capabilities and speaker independence. This paper reviews methods and technologies available for ASR process.
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This paper presents low-power, low voltage and high speed 1-bit full adder circuits is proposed. Our approach is based on XORXNOR design full adder circuits in a single unit as well as Gate Diffusion Input techniques. Using 3transistor XOR Gate Logic style 8T,9T and 12T full adder cell are designed, which increases the speed and performance and reduces power dissipation at lower supply voltage. The design of 5 different full adder topologies using Modified Gate Diffusion Input (MGDI) Technique is reviewed in this paper. This MGDI technique allows the circuit to consume less power, less delay and to get optimized area of digital circuits, while maintaining low complexity of logic design. The simulations are carried out using 130nm CMOS Technology of Mentor Graphics. Analysis and evaluation is carried out for various adder circuit and their performances are compared by varying supply voltages. Simulation results illustrates that proposed adders have better performance, Low power, High speed against other designed adder circuits like CCMOS, CPL, TGA and Hybrid adder circuits.
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This paper is presented to find the optimal route in Ad-hoc network which by using PSO algorithm. In our work we have used path selection technique on our PSO based network to obtain the results in a best manner. The paper presents the technique to optimize the routing process and to avoid rerouting in mobile network. The system will give an improved routing approach in terms of efficiency and reliability. The proposed work is about to identify the broken link problem in a Mobile Network. The Network can be Wired or the Wireless. But in both cases it should be dynamic in nature. The system will generate a new routing approach that will remove the broken link from the path and generate a new Compromising path dynamically. Here PSO based attack preventive path will be detected. Approach will improve the path as well as improve the security in case of bad node over the network. The results are simulated on the MATLAB environment.
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Acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) is an electro-optical device that works in similar way as an electronically tunable filter. They are generally fabricated from anisotrophic TeO2 crystal and onto it an array of LiNbO3 piezoelectric transducers are bonded. A radio frequency signal is applied to a transducer and the wavelength can be varied by changing the applied frequency.This paper reviews the theory, principle of operation and applications of acousto optic tunable filters (AOTFs). Collinear and non collinear configurations of AOTF and mathematical description of AOTF phenomenon are summarized. Characteristics of currently used materials are described. The important operating parameters of AOTF described include scanning speed, spectral resolution, range of transmitted wavelength, wavelength switching capabilities , acceptance angle and aperture. Atomic, molecular spectrometry as well as use of AOTF for imaging applications are highlighted and comparison of AOTF with liquid crystal tunable filters and fixed wavelength filters is also discussed.
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Feature recognition is the most fundamental stage in most realworld and scientific image processing applications. A large variety of detectors, that principally compute features at particular locations in an image or a region specified within it, have been developed. With the advent and passage of time, modifications and alterations to previous works, as well as new developments have greatly simplified feature recognition tasks, at the same time removing hurdles previously inherent with respect to recognition due to scale changes, illuminations, affine distortions etc. SIFT and SURF are the principal tools in use today, that are worth discussing.
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Fiber lasers having high power and high beam quality are popular for various industrial, biomedical, defense and scientific applications. Rare earth doped active fibers are used as gain medium in fiber laser system. The core region of these fibers is doped with different rare earth elements like erbium (Er), ytterbium (Yb) and thulium (Tm). In this paper, observation of mode profiles and calculation of modal power of different step index fibers has been done with the help of COMSOL and MATLAB. The analysis was done at 1064nm wavelength as these fibers are Yb-doped active fiber having an operation region near 1 micron for laser and amplifier applications. As we move to larger core diameter active fiber to achieve high power, the higher order modes starts carrying more power. To analyze this, fractional power of different transverse modes in the fiber both core and cladding region was calculated. Fibers were modeled in COMSOL and analyzed using MATLAB.
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In this paper, a low power single edge triggered D flip-flop is presented by using True Single Phase Clocked technique (TSPC). The proposed design overcomes the problem of race condition at the output caused by clock pulses. This technique uses single phase clock pulse and it has less number of transistors. All the circuits are designed and simulated using Cadence® Virtuoso® Design Environment provided by Cadence Design Systems. Generic Process Design Kit (GPDK) 45nm technology file is used to get the transistor models. It is evident from the performance comparisons at 100% switching activity; the proposed flip-flop can save up to 91% power, 77.2% delay and 98.2% power-delayproduct (PDP) as compared to the conventional master-slave edge triggered flip-flop.
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This paper presents the idea about radio frequency identification (RFID) technology in library automation. The use of RFID technology is a major factor to create a move towards self service operations and other aspects of improving efficiency in library. The goal of this paper is to find out whether RFID renders any significant benefits to library management and how these benefits reflect to customer satisfaction. In this paper we are using the RFID technology for identifying the books and persons based on unique Tag number.The Microcontroller 89s52 will process the data and send it to a personal computer data base in which the data base will be maintained about the person. The database is created using Microsoft Access and the forms are created using VB.NET.
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Echo is the delayed and possibly distorted version of the transmitted signal/sound reflected back to the source. It degrades the received speech quality and is uncomfortable and annoying. To remove the echo, an adaptive filter which adjusts its transfer function according to an optimization algorithm based on error signal, is used. Here we propose Acoustic Echo Cancellation (AEC) using subband adaptive filter. Subband adaptive filtering scheme which is based on IIR filterbanks using allpass
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This paper details the studies carried out to identify the need for high speed data bus for next generation fighter aircrafts, comparison of various high speed data bus technologies and selection of Fibre channel Avionics Environment(FC-AE) data bus protocol. Based on this study, avionics architecture with FCAE network to meet next generation fighter aircraft requirements is proposed .The need for this study is driven by the shortcomings in current federated avionics architecture based on MIL STD 1553B for data communication and STANAG 3350 based analog video distribution networks. Limitation of MIL STD -1553B maximum speed is 1 Mbit/sec and STANAG 3350 maximum video resolution is 760 by 575 pixels. Current avionics architecture uses multiple protocols for data, video and control functions. Use of multiple network protocols can be replaced with single redundant
Commercial Off the Shelf network, which can save space, cost, and weight, while increasing the network capacity. Weight is especially critical for avionics and every fighter aircraft has limited space in which to house its avionics and its interconnect system. In next generation fighter aircrafts, number of new functional requirements
is increased which need to be realized within the weight budget constraint. The proposed solution is advanced integrated avionics with unified interconnect system based on FC-AE network.
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) belongs to broader class of multicarrier modulation in which the data information is carried over many lower rate subcarriers. OFDM is now used in most new and emerging broadband wired and wireless communication systems. Very recently a number of researchers have shown that OFDM is also a promising technology for high speed optical communication system. Optical OFDM (OOFDM) is a multicarrier modulation technique, it is used to overcome the problem of inter-symbol interference due to the chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion of the fiber channel.
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Integrated Circuits have been growing in complexity with reduction in size since late 1950’s. As per Moore’s law, scale of ICs get doubled every 18 months. It is very interesting to note that the feature size has reduced from 10s of micrometer to 10s of nanometer for transistors and interconnecting wires.
The ever increasing complexity in designs of VLSI circuits is the result in the reduction of size of circuits. Small sized circuits make the designed product very compact. Before introduction of these complex built circuits into market it is inevitable to ensure the product free from any defect. This requires that the finished product undergoes a rigorous test schedule for performing fault free during use. Testing of any product is mandatory to guarantee fault free products. However, the growing size and complexity of the circuits pose several and new testing challenges. It is quite evident that the decreased feature size increases probability of defects generation during manufacturing process. In this paper
we intend to discuss test scheduling schemes of complicated 3D System on Chips (3 D SoCs) comprising of standard benchmark circuits.
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Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a group of wireless mobile hosts forming a on-demand temporary network without any permanent infrastructure or centralized controlling network.
MANET are self controlling and self-configuring type of multiple hop wireless networks where, the structure of the network changes dynamically and sometimes dramatically. This is mainly due to the mobility nature of nodes. All the Nodes in the network acts as hosts as well as routers that route data to or from one to other nodes in network. In mobile ad-hoc networks a routing procedure is always needed to find a path so as to forward the packets appropriately between the source and the destination. The main aim of any adhoc
network routing protocol is to meet the challenges occurred due to the dynamically changing topology and to establish a correct and an efficient communication path between any two nodes with minimum routing overhead and energy consumption. The design problem of such a routing protocol is not simple since an ad hoc environment introduces new challenges that are not present in fixed networks. A number of routing protocols have been invented for this purpose like Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Adhoc On-Demand Multipath Routing Distance Vector (AOMDV). In this paper, we study and compare the performance of the following three routing protocols AODV, DSR and AOMDV.
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In this work, a new random assignment model is proposed based on the normal distribution assignment. This model yields much better results compared to the traditional random assignment models that is based on uniform assignment. The performance of the proposed model is similar to the first fit model. Also, the flexibility of choosing
any channel for maximum assignment of load is part of the proposed model which is missing in the first fit model. Over all, the proposed model over comes the issues of both the first fit model and random assignment models. The blocking probabilities are calculated based Erlang B formula and the results are plotted for all the three models for several cases. In all the cases, it is proved that random assignment model based on the normal distribution yields best results among all

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In the present era automation is a popular technique which is seen almost everywhere starting from industrial application to consumer application. This paper describes how the speed of a dc motor is automatically controlled through temperature variation. The dc motors are found to be used like in AC machines, small cooling fans, rob arms as well as in simple toy cars. However this paper uses LabVIEW platform for the interfacing of dc motor. The interfacing circuit is made on NI-ELVIS prototype board which supports to LabVIEW platform. The dc motor used is of rating 12v, 300ma. Since motor speed is controlled through temperature variation, temperature measurement circuit is also
interfaced through LABVIEW NI-ELVIS prototype board. The temperature sensor used here is a thermistor (10K)/ IC temp sensor (LM335). Both temperature measurement and dc motor
interfacing is done through LABVIEW software loaded in a PC containing a DAQ assistant card. All the signal communication between LABVIEW and interfacing circuits on the NI-ELVIS
prototype board is possible through this DAQ assistant card. Initially the motor speed is set to a particular speed related to a set temperature. The change in temperature is compared with the set temperature. Depending on the variation in temperature the speed of dc motor can either be increased/decreased using the LABVIEW program

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In this paper, a simple double L-shaped slotted antenna with four different ground planes are proposed. The proposed antenna have more impedance(-10 dB) bandwidth as compared to same antenna with finite ground plane. A simple double L- slotted patch with finite ground plane gives impedance bandwidth of 29.00% with an average gain of 9.187 dBi over entire band of operation and peak gain of 9.849 dBi. The four different ground planes are proposed which give impedance bandwidth 33.34%, 33.20%, 33.48% and 34.33% respectively.

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The rapid growth of technology in past few years has changed the whole dimension of communications. Over the past years, hands-free systems have found increasing applications in areas such as video-conferencing systems and also it is used for safety and convenience in mobile communications. Today people are more interested in hands-free communication. The advantage of this system is to allow more than one person to participate in a conversation at the same time. Another advantage is that it would allow the person to have hands free conversations and moves freely in the room. The adaptive filter makes a replica of the echo and subtracts it from the combination of the actual echo and the near-end signal. The objective of the research is to produce an improved echo and fast cancellation algorithm, which is capable of providing convincing results. This paper surveys Application of Adaptive filters in echo Cancellation.

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In this paper, different slots on ground planes are proposed for a double U slotted patch. A simple double U slotted patch with finite ground planegives impedance bandwidth (-10 dB) of 42.37% with an average gain of 8.844 dBi over entire band of operation and peak gain of 10.269 dBi. An Air substrate of thickness 4.5 mm is used with co-axial probe fed of radius 0.6 mm. The introduction of different types of slotted ground plane gives impedance bandwidth 50.52%, 49.65%, 48.90% and52.06% respectively.

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With the turn of the century, there occurred an explosion of population across the globe. According to the United Nation’sDepartment of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division of the world was 7.3 billion as of July 1, 2015. This directly led to more number of peoples living in cities. In this 21st century day by day more and more people are dwelling in cities and towns. This has resulted in outburst of traffic in cities. However, not much attention has been paid towards reduction of the traffic congestion. Hence we came up with a proposed model which can minimize the traffic congestion for normal traffic flow. Keeping in mind the modern Indian road, our proposed model would be able to solve the problem of traffic congestion on the junction much more efficiently than conventional traffic system. The whole system is efficient as well as cost effective, and can easily be installed in Indian roadways. The method is quite simple; it senses the load on the road for certain minute at predefined distance and takes
the best fitted decision automatically on priority basis, where the priority is defined by the load on the road. A prototype of the idea has been designed using Proteus software. The prototype has been demonstrated by Hardware which has AT89S52 microcontroller, IR Sensor, counter 74LS390, 7 segment display and LED’s(Light Emitting Diode).

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A novel compact circular-polarization (CP) operation of a square microstrip antenna with edge cuts is proposed and investigated. The proposed compact CP design can have an operating frequency reduction of about 16.15% as compared to the conventional regular square microstrip antenna of same size without any edge cuts on patch. Also, the gain and directivity of the proposed CP antenna are 3.75 dBi and 6.26 dBi respectively. The proposed compact CP antenna is not corner-truncated square microstrip antenna.
Details of the antenna design and simulation results are presented and discussed.

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Even though speaker recognition is a broad subject, the commercial and personal use implementations are rare. We have to solve several problems before speaker recognition can become more useful. The amount of pattern matching and feature extraction techniques is large and the decision on which ones to use is debatable. One of the main problems of speaker verification in general is the impact of noise. The very popular feature extraction technique MFCC is inherently sensitive to mismatch between training and verification conditions. MFCC is used in many speech recognition applications and is not only useful in text-dependent speaker verification. However the most reliable verification techniques are text-dependent. One of the most popular pattern matching techniques in text-dependent speaker verification is DTW. The signal processing techniques, MFCC and DTW are explained and discussed in detail along with a Matlab program where these techniques have been implemented. The choices made in signal processing, feature extraction and pattern matching are determined by discussions of available studies on these topics. The results indicate that it is possible to program text-dependent speaker verification systems that are functional in clean conditions with tools like Matlab.

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A simple single layer single feed symmetric cross slot hexagonalb patch antenna with air dielectric (εr = 1) substrate providing quad, tri and dual frequency operation is proposed and studied. The same antenna is giving quad, tri and dual frequency bands of operation by changing the feed position only. The quad frequency bands of operations are at 1.17GHz, 1.96 GHz, 2.81 GHz and 3.79 GHz. The corresponding gains are 6.63 dBi, 7.67 dBi, 2.66 dBi and 3.94 dBi respectively. The tri frequency bands of operations are at 1.95 GHz, 2.79 GHz and 3.76 GHz. The corresponding gains are 8.34 dBi, 2.19 dBi and 3.46 dBi respectively. The dual frequency bands of operations are at 2 GHz and 2.84 GHz. The corresponding gains are 7.72 dBi and -0.98 dBi respectively. The radiation patterns at each resonant frequency are shown. The gains at each resonant frequency are also found to be good.

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