Abstract
Wireless sensor networks consist of small nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communications capabilities. Many routing, power management, and data dissemination protocols have been specifically designed for WSNs where energy awareness is an essential design issue. Routing protocols in WSNs might differ depending on the application and network architecture. In this article we present a survey of the routing techniques in WSNs. We outline the design challenges for routing protocols in WSNs followed by a survey of routing techniques. Overall, the routing techniques are classified into three categories based on the underlying network structure: flat, hierarchical, and locationbased routing. Furthermore, these protocols can be classified into multipath-based, query-based, negotiation-based, QoS-based, and coherent-based depending on the protocol operation. We highlight the advantages and performance issues of some important routing techniques.
Full Paper

Abstract
This paper is a comparative study of the performance of TSBR (Time Stamp Based Routing Protocol) for wireless ad hoc networks. TSBR is ondemand/ reactive protocol, that discovers a route/path between source node S and destination node D when needed, the discovered path is stored in the route table of S along with a time stamp value T. TSBR protocol eliminates the problem of sparse routes between nodes S and D using time stamp value T. the route selected for transmitting data packets by TSBR is shortest and takes less time for delivery of packets at destination node. The comparative study is done based on key parameters like PDR and Avg. End-to-End delay.
Full Paper

Abstract
Buck converters are frequently used in the next generation devices to supply lower or higher voltage level. The next generation of devices (cell phones, PDA, digital cameras and players) will have to provide the long operation period. Thus, microprocessors and memory devices need low power voltages. That kind of voltage is supplied by optimum DC/DC converters. Designing an optimum DC/DC converter involves issues such as; size, efficiency, temperature, accuracy and transient response. For next generation systems efficiency is the important property because of thermal constraints. Designers want to improve the efficiency without an increase the cost. This paper discusses the parameters which need to calculated for Optimized design of buck converter. This paper also discusses the conditions or variations on which these components can be calculated.
Full Paper

Abstract
In the era of advanced technology, wireless communication is the fastest growing & promising segment of the communication industry. With development of communication with integration technology, size reduction or miniaturization of microstrip antennas is becoming an important design consideration for practical applications. In this present work, firstly a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (RMPA) is analysed & then a proposed complex left handed metamaterial design is implemented upon it at a height of 3.2 mm from ground plane so as to reduce the size of the patch antenna by 58% (area wise) as compared to the conventional RMPA without the metamaterial loading. Moreover, the return loss for the same is reduced by 16.6 dB at the operating resonating frequency of 2.05 GHz. The antenna along with the proposed metamaterial is designed to resonate at 1.776 GHz frequency.
Full Paper

Abstract
This paper presents a technique to design a BCD Arithmetic circuit capable of doing addition and subtraction operation using 9’s complement method. The explored method of the circuit of 9’s complement method along with the conventional adder-subtractor composite unit achieves the design to get perfect result. By this circuit we can add or subtract any two numbers with any sign in an efficient way by using BCD arithmetic process without employing the human brain.
Full Paper

Abstract
Adaptive filters are primary methods to remove the power line interference from the ECG signal. The frequency range of ECG ignal is generally 0.05 Hz to 100 Hz, and that of the power line interference is 50 Hz which lies in the ECG signal band. So, it has become very crucial to remove the power line interference from the ECG signal.In this paper We have used different adaptive filter algorithms, such as, Block LMS (BLMS), Delay LMS (DLMS), Filtered-X (XLMS),Kalman LMS(KLMS) to remove the power line interference from the ECG signal. The Kalman based Least mean square filter essentially minimize the mean square error and removes the 50Hz power line interferences. The Simulation result shows that the Kalman based LMS filter is more effective compare to other filter techniques.
Full Paper

Abstract
In this paper we have been compared the performance characteristics of Rectangular and Square patch of microstrip antennas with dielectric superstrates. The proposed patch antennas fed with coaxial probe at a point where the input impedance is 50Ω, antenna designed at frequency of 2.4GHz (ISM band), antenna behavior is explained through parameter study using Finite Element Method based EM- Simulator HFSS Software (High Frequency Structure Simulator). The Rectangular and Square patch microstrip antennas have been formulated using the transmission line model. In this paper we measured, experimentally various performance characteristics of Rectangular and Square patch of microstrip antennas with and without dielectric superstrates and compared the performance characteristics. The effect of microstrip antennas with dielectric superstrates which result in, the antenna resonant frequency will be shifted to lower side, while other parameters have slight variation in their values. In particular, the resonant frequency increases with the dielectric constant of the superstrate thickness. In addition, it has also been observed that the return loss and VSWR increases, however Bandwidth and Gain decreases with the dielectric constant of the superstrates. Impedance characteristics are both Input impedance and the Reactance which are increased as superstrate become thick and its increases.
Full Paper

Abstract
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique which is used in 4G technology due to its high data rate and better performance. In OFDM there is large number of subcarriers. Unlike FDM no guard bands are required in OFDM since due to its orthogonality property number of subcarriers do not interfere with each other. But it may be possible that Peak value of one carrier is larger than the other at any instant. Also it has been found that the signal peak value is more than the average peak value which ultimately leads to increased value of peak to average power ratio(PAPR) which results in number of Problems like complexity, decreased efficiency etc .Hence stringent measures must be taken to reduce the PAPR value. In this paper some methods like selective mapping, Partial transmit sequence, Cooperative PTS are discussed to reduce its value. Full Paper

Abstract
MEMS based mechanical resonators and filters have showing promising characteristics in achieving high-Q values and good stability. The frequency range of operation depends on the size of the structure as well as the material we used in this . As we first look at the past defined resonator and then describe the dimension the filter by some formulas .In designing of a mechanical filter the basic principles are of physics, vibrations, electromechanical transduction, and filter circuitry. In this project report we want to present filter designs and the analysis of the structures. Laterally vibrating Free-Free Beam Resonator enclose High Q factor at lower frequency with minimum anchor loss- very appropriate for use in communication s-grade oscillators and frequency filters. Micromechanical disk resonators have been reported to function at frequencies of hundreds of MHz.
Full Paper

Abstract
In this paper we have designed a Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) using Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) structural architecture, obtained simulation of the same using Xilinx 12.1 Integrated Software Environment (ISE) project navigator and ISE Simulator (ISim), then implemented the design in Xilinx Virtex-5 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). 1 bit SRAM is designed first, with two addresses x and y (2D addressing) which contains a D latch and an inverted D latch, the 1 bit SRAM is addressed when both x and y are 1. The cell has a data input din and also has a read/ write (rw) input which when asserted low writes into the cell and when asserted high reads from the cell. During write operation, the output of the cell remains unchanged from previous state and during read, the previous input is achieved. The 16×1 bit SRAM designed thereafter contains two 2:4 decoders to each of which two addresses are provided (x0 and x1 to one and y0 and y1 to another).
Full Paper

Abstract
The presence of background noise in speech significantly reduces the intelligibility of speech. Noise reduction or speech enhancement Quality and intelligibility of speech signals might significantly deteriorate in the presence of background noise, especially when the speech signal is degraded by environmental noise.In this paper, The conventional kalman filter algorithm for speech enhancement uses Auto regressive model that it requires a lot of matrix operations automatically reduces efficiency and increases computational time of the clean speech signal. We propose a ultra model approach of Kalman filtering algorithm for speech enhancement is adaptive filter to eliminate matrix operations and reduces distortions in speech signals and time by only constantly updating state vector of speech signal. A ultramodel Kalman filtering algorithm along with perceptual weighting filter was proposed to enhance the speech better than conventional method. Our simulation results shows Perceptual weighted filter method effective for speech enhancement, compared to the conventional Techniques.
Full Paper

Abstract
Application of honey bee algorithm to solve image processing problem with a reference to a new automatic enhancement technique based on real –coded honey bees is proposed in this paper. Enhancement of the image can be done in several ways considering it as a nonlinear optimization problem with several constraints. Image enhancement basically brings out the hidden details in an image by the manipulation of the image to improve the quality of digitally stored image. The Primary goal of this paper is to utilize honey bee algorithm, inspired by the natural foraging behavior of honey bees to find the objective solution. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated and compared with Genetic Algorithms and other modern heuristic algorithms that can be applied to nonlinear and non-continuous optimization problems. The results obtained clearly indicate that the proposed algorithm yields better results in terms of the number of edges detected, the computation time and the adopted objective evaluation.
Full Paper

Abstract
DATA hiding and watermarking in digital images and raw video have wide literature. In This paper targets the internal dynamics of video compression, specifically the motion estimation stage. we target the motion vectors used to encode and reconstruct both the forward predictive (P)-frame and bidirectional (B)-frames in compressed video.A greedy adaptive threshold is searched for every frame to achieve robustness while maintaining a low prediction error level. The secret message bitstream is embedded in the least significant bit of both components of the candidate motion vectors. The method is implemented and tested for hiding data in natural sequences of multiple groups of pictures and the results are evaluated. The evaluation is based on two criteria: minimum distortion to the reconstructed video and minimum overhead on the compressed video size.
Full Paper

Abstract
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network that is having no fixed infrastructure. Securing the routing and saving the energy are crucial topics in MANET. There are many existing works in which both security and energy are considered. In this paper, an extensive survey of various secure and energy efficient routing protocols in MANET are presented. The secure and energy efficient routing protocols are analyzed in terms of end to end delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio, minimum power, exhausted nodes, total energy consumed, normalized routing load, packet loss cost, battery capacity, drain rate and control overhead.
Full Paper

Abstract
International success can be achieved by focusing on the firm, rather than the external business environment. Many business writers just like Google executives believe that strategic decisionmakers should focus on how a firm can leverage its resources, rather than on what the competitors and other stakeholders are doing. Just as the external business environment is important, managers need to understand the unique strengths and weaknesses of their firm. They need to understand in what way the firm has unique resources and capabilities, what and who creates value within the firm, and how the firm resources compare with those of other firms. In short, they need to appreciate the ‘internal’ firm environment. Some writers have suggested that managers sometimes put too much emphasis on strategic fit. Strategic stretch is about identifying and leveraging the resources and competencies of the organization to yield new opportunities or to provide competitive advantage. Strategy development by stretch suggests that managers should exploit firm resources and capabilities in ways which rivals find difficult to match, or in genuinely new directions, or both.
Full Paper