Abstract
In recent years the demand for water has increased manifolds, and this has become a major challenge throughout the world. Cities in Southern Africa and India are nearing Day Zero, where people will not have sufficient water for their day to day needs. One of the major reasons for this crisis is the lack of proper water management on a large scale. To overcome this problem we present an IoT based design for water monitoring and control approach which supports internet based data collection on real time basis. The device comprises of: a central server (Central Hub), the IOT Module, the switching unit and the Zigbee module. IoT is not a single technology; rather it is an agglomeration of various technologies that work together in tandem which uses sensors and testers. These are devices which help in interacting with the physical environment to determine the water level and quality. The centralized hub is responsible for supplying water to different substations. The substations are present at various key locations throughout the city, based on the requirements of that particular area, water is supplied to that substation. The IOT assists the Central Hub, in integration of communications, control, and information processing across the entire network. This aids us in determining the requiredvolume and quality of water, at each units in one particular sector and it also provides the control over the supply of water, to the central hubthrough a remote access,Based on the paucityor excess water level in a tank, the centralized hub monitors and shares the water among the localized tanks or resupplies water from its reservoir. This scenario requires an establishment of a personal area network which can be done efficiently through wireless connections. The quality of water can be improved by subjecting the water to UV treatment before supplying them to individual households. Fluoride content level along with hardness checking is also done using respective test meters.
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Cruise control and accident avoidance have been a major point of interest in the recent past with the sophistication of vehicles. Driving assistance is provided with cameras and sensors in most of the high-end vehicles and is furnished as an additional system to them. Increasing population and rapid aging have increased the cause of accidents especially, of the senior age group. Smart and automatic driving systems have been developed to provide assistance. The on-board system processes are not utilized to the extent they have been developed and thereby causing misguidance to the users. In this project an embedded system is developed with omnipresent modules that are communicating with each other and the system processing unit designed for the vehicle. It helps the driver to identify the vehicles and monitor their speed. This system will also guide them to know the traffic present in the lane they are traveling and will help them to re-route in case of emergency.
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Next generation wireless communications like 5G and beyond 5G networks for high-speed data transfer rates required with reduced side-lobe levels are indeed required to meet the demands of future wireless communications Many wireless communication and radar signals are frequency or phase modulated signals Some examples of phase and frequency modulated signals are Frequency Modulation (FM), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Advanced and sophisticated communication system requires an SLL which is significantly lesser than the main lobe peak This can be achieved by considering CMA and LS-CMA based on CMA These are efficient blind adaptive beamforming algorithms are implemented by using MATLAB.
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Massive MIMO is to equip at base stations in wireless networks with large arrays of phase coherently co-operating antennas. The use of such arrays facilities spatial multiplexing of many User Equipment’s (UE’s) in the same time frequency resource and yields a coherent beamforming gain that translates directly in to reduced interference and improved cell edge coverage. Downlink beamforming in Massive MIMO either relies on Uplink pilot measurements the use of predetermined grid of beams with user equipment’s reporting their preferred beams mostly in frequency division duplexing operation. In this paper we observed the performance of various feedback based CSI beamforming algorithms based on MATLAB.
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The proposed research work is to develop new innovative women protective garment using copper yarns which helps the women to protect themselves. Copper polymer gives better comfort than fabrics. The developed fabric was converted into overcoat garment for women. Overcoats are referred as topcoats, to be worn as a outer most garment usually. It is worn by both women and mens. The circuit was developed and attached inside the garment to produce static discharges to protect themselves. Whenever the wearer receives unwanted advances, the switch can be pressed by the wearer which is placed inside the garment. When the wearer presses the switch, the electric charge was produced on the surface of the garment which emits the electric shock to the external sexual harassing persons. Hence the newly developed electromagnetic copper protective garment is the best safety measure for the women’s problem and it will be an effective solution to the women to protect themselves from sexual abuse problems. Every women can protect themselves by using this developed garment along with their common wardrobes.
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The performance of radio communication system depends majorly on propagation medium which is badly affected by rain. This paper presents an enhanced rain rate model based on ITU-R 837-6 rain rate prediction. The improved model is derived from well behaved cumulative distribution function of over 100 rainfall rate samples from tropical and equatorial regions. The performance evaluation results show an improvement of -24.93% and 16.67% in term of bias and root mean square of the relative estimation error respectively. The model will be suited for prediction of accurate rain rate in tropical and equatorial regions.
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This paper presents the design of rejection band centered at 4 GHz and 5.5 GHz is obtained by etching out split ring resonator slots Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) with band notch. The proposed double band notch antenna is designed on a FR4 substrate of thickness 1.524 mm and relative permittivity of 4.4 and mounted above the ground plane at a height of 6 mm. The simulated and measured results have been discussed for the proposed antenna. The parameters of the antenna are simulated using the (HFSS) software.
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The Safety and protection of people, equipment and the environment is a serious concern in the engineering industries. Many industries have recognized the advantages of safe work environments and are progressively adopting safety management system by the process of MOC, avoid production and manpower losses and other fallouts associated with industrial accidents. The present paper focus is to describe the change, its reasons, applies a risk assessment, and manages all the actions associated with the change. The management of change process applies to all changes to equipment and infrastructure, manufacturing process and materials used by an organization so as to assess the effect on and to safeguard process safety, assets and the environment.
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In the recent time, the issue of climatic change and its adverse effect on mankind as well as on communication links has become a global concern. This paper examines effect of climate on radio communication focusing on rainfall being the major climatic element that hampers signal availability. Time series data were collected and analyzed with descriptive statistics and curve fitting regression. Result shows a steady rise in rainfall trend over the year but with slightly unstable volume variation in the study area.
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In our previous paper we designed a dual band notched antenna which was having band rejection characteristics at 4 GHz (for C-band 3.7 GHz to 4.2 GHz) and at 5.5 GHz (for WLAN-band 5.15GHz to 5.825 GHz.) Now in this paper we are introducing a new band notch in previously existing dual band notched antenna to convert it into a triple band notch antenna by etching out Symmetrical Circular Split Ring Resonator (SCSRR) in ground plane to create band notching characteristic at higher frequency X band (7.25-8.4 GHz).So, now our new proposed triple band notched antenna has rejection characteristics at 4 GHz (for C-band 3.7 GHz to 4.2 GHz), at 5.5 GHz (for WLAN-band 5.15GHz to 5.825 GHz) and at 7.5 GHz (for X-band 7.25 GHz to 8.4 GHz).
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The recent advancements in the technology of this era has defined the new trends in the field of network communication. The optical communication is the one of the most prominent field that has become popular among research domain. A large number of research works have been conducted in this field in order to enhance the quality of the communication and services provided by the optical communication. In optical communication the data travels in the form o light signals from optical transmission mediums such as fiber optic cables etc. The data transmission performed through the fiber optics cable suffers from the various issues such as increased BER, inter symbol interference etc. In order to overcome these issues, the concept of WDM and optical amplifiers is collaborated with the optical communication. This study presents the role of WDM and Optical amplifiers in the fiber optics communications. Along with this an analysis to the recent research work of this domain by various authors is also represented in a section of the study.
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Ear feature extraction is a crucial step of ear biometrics. Image preprocessing and normalization of ear image are very important steps of ear feature extraction but Ear recognition system still facing the problem of noise on the ear image. In this paper we have implemented a simple method to extract ear features using two feature extraction methods i.e., Radon feature extraction and a Texture based feature extraction technique using RLBP method and we have used KNN classifier in the recognition. For this we use MATLAB as a processing tool. We did image preprocessing to remove unwanted information of ear images, and also performed steps like image segmentation and feature extraction to get desirable shape of ear for ear recognition system purpose. By comparing the accuracy of two feature extraction techniques we could determine which technique gives better recognition.
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Soft computing is the process that aim to exploit the tolerance for imprecision and uncertainty to achieve tractability, robustness, and low solution cost. The simple example for soft computing is the human mind. In this paper we have implemented a simple method of ear biometrics in which the era features are extracted using Radon Feature extraction method and the extracted features of the ear is applied to two classifiers namely KNN classifier and Adaptive feed forward neural networlk for recognition. we use MATLAB as a processing tool. We use image preprocessing to remove the unwanted information and noise from ear images, and also performed steps like image segmentation and feature extraction to get desirable shape of ear for ear recognition system purpose. Our aim is to determine which method recognizes the image in the better way so that we could determine the accuracy of recognition and which classifier works better.
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In this paper a new approach of improving received optical signal quality utilizing Spectral Inversion (SI) technique outside the transmission link is investigated in long-haul intensity and phase modulated transmission systems using channel data rate up to 100 Gb/s. The approach is implemented using a module called Optical Signal Post-Optimization (OSPO) composed with an OPC-unit followed by Highly Nonlinear Fiber (HNLF) with high nonlinear coefficients. 100 Gb/s single channel was simulated with differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK) where an increased in Q factor of the system with OSPO of 1.5 dB is observed at transmission lengths of 2000, 2500 and 3000 km. For 100 Gb/s 5 channels WDM the system Q factor improvement was about 1 dB at transmission lengths of 2000 and 2500 km. To ascertain the effectiveness of the method an experimental investigation was carried out using DPSK systems over 300 km transmission distance. Various results obtained showed an improvement of system Q factor of the order of 1 dB.
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In this paper the BER performance of the Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is evaluated over Rayleigh fading channel. MC-CDMA is a promising technique to full fill the high speed data transmission requirements of today’s diversified wireless networks. MC-CDMA system incorporates the advantage of two schemes which are Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) and the code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper we present MATLAB simulation results to show the effect of various parameters such as: Spreading sequence, Modulation schemes, Number of users and Detection technique on the performance of the MC-CDMA system. Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) are chosen as the performance metrics for comparison of the simulation results.
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