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The Walking Stick with Heart Attack Detection is equipment that is used daily to indicate heart condition, to detect heart attack and to call for emergency help.It was designed specially to help senior citizens and patients with heart disease.It consists of three basic sub projects Ecg Circuit, Analysis Algorithm and Bluetooth Communication. The first unit is worn on the user’s wrist captures abnormal heart beat signal from the patient., and the rest two are installed in the stick..The microcontroller on the stick runs a heart attack algorithm. Warning is given out to the person about his heart condition. The Bluetooth emergency calling system calls for medical help at the moment of heart attack. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by experiments on a commercially available walking stick.Each of the three subprojects responded positively. The proposed Walking Stick with Heart Attack Detection is cost effective and can save the lives of millions of old people by helping them in getting the earliest medical help in the condition of heart attack.
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Speech is a fundamental means of human communication for performing any activity. The term speech enhancement refers to improve the speech quality by using various algorithms. By quality we mean the clarity and intelligibility of speech i.e. generating the sound which is audible and seems to be natural. Speech communication over mobiles, announcement centres etc. has become so popular that it has brought challenges, one of which is robustness to acoustic background noise. Using appropriate filters we can reduce the intensity of the noise signals thus improving the speech quality. Several techniques have been proposed for this purpose like the spectral subtraction approach, adaptive noise cancelling and the iterative Wiener filter [3]. The performances of these techniques depend on the quality and intelligibility of the processed speech signal. The improvement in the speech signalto- noise ratio (SNR) is the target of most techniques. Spectral subtraction is the earliest method for enhancing speech degraded by additive noise [3]. This technique estimates the spectrum of the clean (noise-free) signal by the subtraction of the estimated noise magnitude spectrum from the noisy signal magnitude spectrum while keeping the phase spectrum of the noisy signal. The drawback of this technique is the residual noise. In this report we have tried to introduce the concept of applying Wiener filter on the speech generated by Festival framework from Gujarati TTS system and improve the SNR in the enhanced speech signal.
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In this paper, we derive symbol error probability (SEP) expression from the probability density function (pdf) of received Signal to-noise ratio (SNR) under Rician fading channel by employing Maximal-Ratio-Combining (MRC) technique at the receiver. we assume that channel side information known at the receiver (CSIR). Error performance plots has been drawn for different value of Rician parameter K, diversity order N and modulation order M for M-ary Quadrature Amplitude modulation (MQAM). These results provide information about error performance over fading channel.
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The water can be tested by collecting samples manually and then send them to laboratory for analysis. However, it has been unable to meet the demands of water attributes monitoring today. Hence, realization of data analyzing and networking of information transfer system has been developed. The system consists of PIC microcontroller data acquisition module, information transmission module, data collection terminal and other accessories. Different parameters of water which is filled in the tank are automatically detected using multiple sensors under the control of microcontroller all day. The microcontroller gets the data, and then processes and analyzes them. If the water quality is normal, the solenoid valve opens and allow to provide water to concerned area or else the valve gets closed. After that, the data are instantaneously sent to data collection terminal by GSM network in the form of SMS and also the data will be monitored in PC using labview. The system is analyzed in simulation using proteus. It is convenient for management to take corresponding measures timely and be able to detect real-time situation of water attribute. It is characterized by advantages of shortcut, accuracy and using manpower and material resources sparingly. The system has widespread application value and can be extended and transplanted to other fields of automatic detection where needed.
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The proposed paper presents a comparative study of the radiation characteristics of two modified truncated microstrip patch antenna designs on infinite ground plane with conventional microstrip patch antenna having a narrow bandwidth and found the increased bandwidth by introducing air gap in modified designs. Microstrip patch antennas are most attractive antennas for integrated RF systems due to their compatibility with microwave integrated circuits. With reduced size of electronic systems, the demands of small and low cost antennas are increasing. In the proposed antenna design 1, the corner truncated gap coupled parasitic patches are placed along the radiating and non radiating edges of fed rectangular microstrip patch with truncated corner giving bandwidth 17.65%. In further modified antenna design 2, the gap coupled parasitic patches with reduced size are placed along the radiating and non radiating edges of fed rectangular microstrip patch with truncated corner giving bandwidth 18.25%. If these two modified designs are compared with microstrip patch antenna of same design parameter without modification (which gives bandwidth 2-3%), it is observed that the modified designs gives satisfactory radiation characteristics. This fulfills the demand of integrated RF systems.
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In this paper, a concise review of data weighting windows and the performance in terms of Coherent Gain, Incoherent Power Gain, Equivalent Noise Band Width and Scalloping Loss on the SNR values of MST RADAR returns has been investigated. Six sets of multi beam observations of the lower atmosphere made by the Indian Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) RADAR are used for the result analysis. Prior to the Fourier Transformation, the in-phase and quadrature components of the RADAR echo samples are weighted with the classic window functions. The effects of data weighting with the variation of the parameters ICG, CG, ENBW and SL of the classic window functions are presented. It is observed that the increase of CG, ICG decreases ENBW, SL and a good improvement in Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is reported. Higher values of ENBW, implies better signal extraction from background noise of classic window functions, which are suggested to analyze the MST RADAR signals. The results also shows that the improvement of SNR of noisy data due to the effect of side lobe reduction and demands for the design of optimal classic windows.
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Wideband truncated rectangular microstrip antenna with H slot loaded and defected ground plane structure is presented in this paper to increase the bandwidth. It is found that the impedance bandwidth of a microstrip antenna could be enhanced considerably when a defected ground structure is used .The band width of a truncated rectangular microstrip antenna with H slot is 21.2% whereas after adding the slot in the ground plane of a rectangular microstrip antenna with H slot the bandwidth is increase up to 32.38% ranging from 1.76 to 2.44 GHz. The radiation pattern has acceptable response at both E&H plane. The antenna is design at FR4 glass epoxy substrate with dielectric constant 4.4, fed by a coaxial feeding technique. Detail of the proposed antenna and the simulated results are presented.
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A method is presented in this paper for the design of high speed CMOS Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amp).This paper is to design a Second Stage and Three Stage CMOS Operational amplifier and analyze the results of various aspect ratios on the characteristics of this Op-Amp, which operates at 3V to 5V power supply using TSMC 0.35μm CMOS technology. The complete design topology of high gain-high bandwidth Op-Amp is presented between all characteristics such as Gain, Phase margin, CMRR etc. It also comprehensive improvements are seen in case of CMRR, PSRR, Offset Voltage and Transient performance at the expense of power and output resistance. Besides, for low power-low bandwidth application an optimum noise performance is achieved in this design. A Second stage Op-Amp the DC gain of the amplifier is 69 dB. The unity gain frequency and phase margin of the amplifier are 69 GHz and 43° and total power consumption of the Op-Amp is 0.072 mw. A Three stage OP-AMP the DC gain of the amplifier is 72 dB. The unity gain frequency and phase margin of the amplifier are 78 GHz and 43.5° and total power consumption of the Op- Amp is 0.172 mw. for a parallel combination of 2 pF and 1 kΩ load. I used AWR (microwave office) software for implement this work.
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This paper presents a single layer coaxial fed circularly polarized pentagonal Microstrip patch antenna which can be extensively used for GPS application in L5 frequency band. The resonant frequency of the pentagonal patch has been reduced drastically by cutting rectangular slots on the patch and the ground plane. The proposed antenna size has been reduced by 88% than that of conventional one. Ansoft Designer V2 is employed to analyze the proposed antenna structures. Results obtained from simulation are compared with experimental data.
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This paper proposes methods for identifying the vehicle in traffic jams and in complex weather conditions. In recent research, there have been many well-known vehicle detectors that utilize background extraction methods to recognize vehicles. In these studies, the background image needs to continuously be updated; otherwise, the luminance variation will impact the detection quality. The vehicle detection under various environments will have many difficulties such as illumination vibrations, shadow effects, and vehicle overlapping problems that appear in traffic jams. The main contribution of this paper is to propose an adaptive vehicle detection approach in complex environments to directly detect vehicles without extracting and updating a reference background image in complex environments. In the proposed approach, histogram extension addresses the removal of the effects of weather and light impact. The gray-level differential value method is utilized to directly extract moving objects from the images. Finally, tracking and error compensation are applied to refine the target tracking quality. In addition, many useful traffic parameters are evaluated.
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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is one of the major causes of disability in many countries. Although significant progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of CHD, further investigation is still needed. To identify high risk patients with and without cardiovascular disease requires assessment of heart event-related risk factors targeting in the reduction of CHD events. Primary care providers must therefore determine which patients without cardiovascular disease should have highest priority for cardiovascular risk assessment. One approach is to priorities patients for assessment using a prior estimate of their cardiovascular risk, with unknown blood pressure and cholesterol levels replaced by default values. The risk factors investigated were: 1) before the event: a) non-modifiable: age, sex and family history for premature CHD, b) modifiable: smoking before the event, history of hypertension, and history of diabetes and 2) after the event: modifiable: smoking after the event, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein ,low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and glucose. The events investigated were: Myocardial Infarction (MI), Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (CABG). Data-mining analysis was carried out using the C4.5 decision tree algorithm for the aforementioned three events using five different splitting criteria. The most important risk factors as extracted from the classification rules analysis were: 1) for MI: age, smoking, and history of hypertension; 2) for PCI: family history, history of hypertension, and history of diabetes; and 3) for CABG: age, history of hypertension, and smoking. It helps in identification of high and low risk factors of subject. However further investigations are still needed.
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IEEE 802.15.4 standard restricts itself to PHY and MAC layers only. ZigBee describes the upper layers. IEEE 802.15.4 is used mainly because of its low power requirement and high reliability. Here we have calculated the throughput for single-hop and for 10 nodes. The results have been verified using ns-2 simulations.
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According to the status that most of supermarkets can’t effectively monitor the temperature and humidity around food of fresh area in our country. Currently, the paper designs a hierarchical topology central monitoring system based on ZigBee and CAN network. In the system, the temperature and humidity of surveyed area can be automatically monitored and controlled. The monitoring nodes, with the CC2430 chip and THS11, can collect and upload temperature and humidity data to the Management Centre, which displays and processes the data , through the central node and the RS-232 interface. If the collected data exceeds the threshold, it automatically starts the alarm system and the regulating system; while the data is lower than the standard value, regulating system could be automatically shut down. Nodes work in the regular query power saving mode. Power is obtained from button cells conversion through MAX687.The results reveal that this WSN system has the potential for field applications due to its low cost, low power and flexible networking construction.
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The proposed control strategy has been introduced in order to enhance some steady-state performances besides its functional elimination of power quality disturbances. Power factor and harmonic current of a controlled feeder section are two vital roles in steady-state power distribution system operation. Utilizing an already installed D-STATCOM to achieve these additional control objectives can help system operators maximize overall system performances. In this paper, a control scheme with constant power and sinusoidal current compensation is exploited. In order to correct the power factor, a power factor control loop is required and therefore included in the control block-This paper presents a modified instantaneous power control scheme of D STATCOM for power factor and harmonic compensation. Results showed that integration of the proposed reactive power control loop can correct the power factor of the controlled feeder to be unity power factor.
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Increased energy consumption in industrial and commercial subtransmission networks has considerably increased the loading of transmission lines. In order to satisfy consumer demand, this capacity should be increased. Three main ways of increasing capacity are using high-temperature low-sag (HTLS) conductors, increasing the number of bundles, and building new subtransmission lines. This paper is a report on an attempt to increase the power transfer capacity of Tehran Regional Electric Company (TREC) subtransmission network through the abovesaid methods. For the purpose of re-conductoring, the existing LYNX conductors (ACSR) in the network under study were replaced with equivalent HTLS conductors (ACSS). Calculations were performed for sag tension, current carrying capacity, and electrical parameters. The methods were simulated using DigSilent software for the peak load in the year 2014. The three methods were compared in order to determine which one produces the best results. The comparison took account of the costs associated with power loss and considered technical and economic issues.
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This paper presents the design of Digital RF Analyzer for Power Measurements, which can measure through line forward and reflected power, over a band of frequencies, 0.5 -1 GHz with high dynamic range (70 dB to ± 3.0 dB) coupled by a Dual directional coupler with -30 dB coupling. This system involves a commercial off the shelf device, the logarithmic detector, a micro controller and displays various quantities like transmitted and reflected power, reflection coefficient, VSWR; return loss etc., in digital form on to a LCD display unit using a keypad.
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In this paper we discuss the Transmission of possible optical soliton pulses for a long-haul optical communication system by using a common optical fiber with different lengths with a similar kind of optical system araingements after the generation of optical pulse the optical waves are transmitted to different distances and find out the maximum possible distance at which the signal transmitted could be reformed by other regenerative tools. The results through a driver on the single mode fiber transmission link carried out by investigating Eye diagram, BER, Jitter, Q-factor, peak to peak value.
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The Design, optimization and comparision of specifications (gain, power, delay etc.) of basic differential op-amps and basic current mirrors are described in this paper. The designed circuits are derived from classical two stage op-amp, Cascode Op-amp and Folded cascode Op-amps. The Circuit optimization is done as a tradeoff of Power, Gain and Gain bandwidth. The simulations are performed on TSMC 0.25U (MOISIS) technology parameters with a supply voltage of -1.5v to +1.5v.
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This research shows the analysis and comparison between FIR and IIR filtering techniques. Analysis of stop-band attenuation and transition width was carried out based on sampling frequency change using two sampling frequencies of 7 kHz and 8 kHz.The results obtained by using Window method for FIR filter and bilinear transformation and impulse invariance method for IIR filter designs were compared and analysed. There is a tradeoff between filtering parameters and stop-band attenuation and transition width. Kaiser window gives better attenuation than Hamming window, but transition width is less for Hamming window. Bilinear transformation gives improved results than two other methods.
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In different conditions such as light and compel backgrounds, we get some car images, the traditional methods are slow convergence speed and low accuracy. This paper presents a method which applies fuzzy theory to enhance several features of for target. To obtain the license information, we use an improved BP neural network algorithm, by through setting proper numbers of hidden layer of BP network, we can solve the recognition problems of India’s automobile license such as characters kinds, the numbers, and confusing. This method can improve the accuracy and efficiency of car license recognition, and enhance the system robustness.
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In this paper, an off-line signature verification scheme based on Auto correlation and statistical parameters is proposed.In this paper, we are following a signature basis. Furthermore, we are having a lot of feature model techniques. In this paper, we are implementing the best and reliable one. Further refinements could include finding and isolating the individual letters in a signature and comparing these, as well as the rotation of the signature.Simulationsshow that this scheme can detect the genuineness of the input signaturesfromour test database with an error rate as low as 4%.
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Furnace as the key equipment and a big energy consumer of the steel industry, its combustion control performance directly affects the quality of steel products as well as the energy consumption of equipments, etc. So, the control technology of the furnace combustion becomes one of the important research topics in the iron and steel enterprises. Based on the original furnace temperature-combustion cascade control system in a special steel plant, this paper focuses on optimal designing and improving of the furnace combustion control loop using PID controller.After the PID control of gas and air flow based on air-fuel ratio is introduced, and these are simulated in LabVIEW, the control
performance of the original system is greatly improved and the energy consumption and environmental pollution are reduced.
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To utilize the bandwidth for high data rates and low channel spacing in high dense WDM system. We adopt High data rates has range from 2.5 Gbits/s to 40 Gbits/s and channel spacing is 200 GHZ, 200 GHZ, 100 GHZ, 50 GHZ, 25 GHZ. The WDM system has draw back like crosstalk between two adjacent channels due to which signal get distort. So we can use high data rates which is used in this paper i.e. 2.5 Gbits/s and 10.52 Gbits/s and low channel spacing. For getting the high channel isolation we can use two FBG filter which are connect back to back each other and different apodization profile like Uniform apodization, Gaussian apodization, Tanh (Hyperbolic Tangent) apodization profile. In this paper simulation has been carried for different apodization profile in which Tanh (Hyperbolic Tangent) has best performance than other two apodization profiles.
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People want electronics with more capabilities in a smaller size and at a cheaper price and so mobiles are becoming packed with a large number of individual components to provide additional capabilities. So smaller components which delivers excellent performance are required. Fractal antennas plays an important role in satisfying these capabilities. Each of the iterations of the fractal antenna corresponds to a certain range of frequencies. Numerous iterations of the fractal in a fractal antenna makes fractal antennas very efficient broadband antennas. Such antennas can transmit and receive over a wide variety of frequencies producing good results i.e miniature-sized antenna can be mass manufactured and used
in variety of products including mobile phones. In order to obtain good bandwidth and gain, and to support multibands, Fractal PIFA antennas can be preferred without increase in space. In this paper Self Similar Fractal PIFA has been proposed and designed using FEKO. The results show that the proposed antenna can be used for integrating various telecommunication services.
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Image segmentation is an important image processing technique which is used to analyze what is inside the image. Image segmentation is used to separate an image into several “meaningful” parts. In modern age, visual information transmitted in the form of digital images is becoming a major method of communication, but the image obtained after transmission is often corrupted with noise. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of image segmentation using the region growing algorithm over the AWGN channel. As a first part of this paper, transmit the segmented image over the AWGN channel. And find out the calculation of Peak Signal to Noise ratio (PSNR), Signal to Noise ratio (SNR), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Means Absolute Error (MAE) and Bit Error Rate (BER) of the segmented image over the AWGN channel. The region growing segmentation method and AWGN channel is used on this paper. And the second part of this paper, use the Median Filter to remove the noise and calculate the values of Peak Signal to Noise ratio (PSNR), Signal to Noise ratio (SNR), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Means Absolute Error (MAE) and Bit Error Rate ( BER) of the segmented over the AWGN channel. The Means Absolute Error (MAE) & Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values decreases and Peak Signal to Noise ratio (PSNR) values increases for different Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) value on transmission of image through AWGN channel.
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A CMOS operational transconductance amplifier that provides a high gain while consuming lesser power has been found difficult to realize, mainly in low voltage circuits. A low-power, lowvoltage two-stage class AB OTA is introduced in this paper. It is a combination of a folded cascode amplifier at the first stage and current mirrors as the second stage. It uses a cascode compensation technique to achieve faster settling and lower power consumption. A fully differential, 1.8 V Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA), with a gain 0f 42.6dB; which could be used in a 10 bit pipelined Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) has been designed. The design is achieved using 180nm technology in Cadence software.
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In the contrast of the modern day technology evolution the number of electronic components increasing on a system. New Electronic Control Units (ECUs) are not only dedicated to entertainment, but also for increasing safety and comfort. All these electronic devices need a way of exchanging information on a fast, reliable and robust way. The most widespread communication system preferred is CAN Controller Area Network. CAN is a multi-master broadcast serial bus standard for connecting Electronic Control Units (ECUs).. The controller is responsible for the rest of the protocol like synchronization, bit sampling and bit processing and the modules like UART, SPI, Microcontrollers, I2C, and USB are also realized using the reconfigurable logic which are interrelated with CAN protocol for SOC architectures. This paper describes about the implementation of sub-blocks using cadence design tools.
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Power Dissipation is one of the most important design objectives in integrated circuits next only to speed. As Adders most widely use digital components in such integrated circuits, the design of an efficient adder is of great concern for researchers. The Carry Select Adder (CSLA) provides a good compromise between cost and performance in carry propagation adder design. Due to the rapid growth of the mobile industry, arithmetic units which are not only faster but also have low area and low power consumptions are needed.
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Reversible logic is gaining significance in the context of emerging technologies such as quantum Computing, optical computing, quantum dot cellular automata and digital signal processing and nano computing. Since reversible circuits do not loose information during computation and there is one-to-one mapping between the inputs and outputs. Adders are key components in many computational units, so design efficient Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) adder using reversible gates is needed. This paper presents a reversible BCD adder using new reversible gates. The design of reversible BCD adder is based on the following two approaches: (i) the addition is performed in binary mode and correction is applied to convert to BCD when required through detection and correction, and (ii) the addition is performed in binary mode and the result is always converted using a binary to BCD converter. The proposed design is more optimized in terms of number of gates, number of garbage outputs and quantum cost than the existing designs.
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The Linear Block- Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes play an important role in channel coding of wired and wireless data communication for error correction since they meet the fraction of dB from Shannon limit. The main challenges imposed to design a coding system include high throughput, flexibility, versatility, low BER sparseness and capable of decoding all family of codes. This paper investigates on the representation of the numbers within the decoder to improve the design of LDPC decoder using message passing- Sum Product Algorithm. The decoder design can implement regular LDPC codes up to size 960×480 and supports 8 parallel processing units. The prototype architecture of LDPC decoder was synthesized and designed using Altera Quartus II 8.1- Family Cyclone II- device EP2C5F25626.
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Several security measures have been provided to enhance the security of lives and property. Security is the state of being secure and protected. One approach to achieve this is to protect unauthorized user entrance. In this paper, we provide a door lock system for secure and reliable application. It is implemented using a Zigbee network protocol. User information such as RFID tag, face recognition and fingerprint is captured and send to the pc via zigbee. All this information is compared with the database already provided in the pc. If the processed information is matched with the database, authentication signal is provided and the door is accessed else buzzer is turned on indicating an unauthorized user. It can be applied to real market for home networking system. Furthermore it can be extended as a connection between mobile phone and home networking system.
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Threshold level determine the logic ‘0’ or ‘1’ an digital application. Input below threshold consider as ‘0’ and above ‘1’. At MOStransistor level threshold can be controlled by adding extra impurity. In this paper a dc bias between body and source terminal used to control the threshold voltage. Threshold voltage increases by forward biasing the body and NMOS and decreases the by reverse bias while threshold voltage of PMOS decreases by forward biasing the body and increases by reverse biasing the body terminal. Zero threshold level can be achieved by body biasing the NMOS which is suitable for high speed switching device. A DC voltage applied between body terminal of CMOS inverter result in shifting up the threshold voltage and result in high power consumption.
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Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) is used in mobile models like Nokia, Sony-Ericsson, Motorola, Samsung Galaxy because of its low cost and simple structure. Miniaturization is an art of designing the smallest possible antenna that is suitable for mobiles. Size reduction is possible in antennas by spiraling the structure thereby increasing the effective electrical length of the patch without changing the physical dimension. Electrical lengthening is a process of increasing the current flow path in an antenna instead of designing a large antenna which is not compatible for most of the applications. Square and circular spiral Planar Inverted F Antenna structure have been proposed and designed using FEKO software. Inorder to obtain optimum gain, bandwidth and directivity spiral PIFA is preferred which can be suitable for wideband application.
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Wireless sensor networks are expected to inspire our abilities in sensing and controlling the physical environment. Power conservation is a primary challenge for these networks, due to the limited energy resources of the sensor nodes. Clustering based approaches in Wireless Sensor Networks helps in identifying the summarized data by exploiting the feature of data redundancy in sensor networks and provides an effective method for prolonging lifetime of a WSN. In this paper we analyse the effect of clustering on wireless sensor networks and compare its performance without cluster approach over AODV Routing Protocol. Also compared various parameters like Residual Battery Capacity (mAhr), Network Lifetime, Average End-to-End Delay at PAN Coordinator (sec.), Throughput at PAN Coordinator (bits/sec.) and Jitter (sec.).
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High energy external radiation has been found to be a major source of random soft errors induced in deep sub-micron integrated circuits. This has been found to cause failures in the operation of systems comprising of small scale integrated circuits due to logic errors. This paper presents the study of the soft error problems in devices and detects the existence of soft errors in the SRAM memories in 180 nm technology.
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Energy harvesting using piezoelectric material is not a new concept, but its generation capability has not been attractive for mass energy generation. For this reason, little research has been done on the topic. Portable electrical devices have ignited the study of piezoelectric energy harvesting. The theory behind cantilever type piezoelectric elements is well known, but transverse moving diaphragm elements, which can be used in pressure type energy harvesting, have not been yet fully developed. Power generation in a diaphragm depends on several factors. Among them, the thickness of each layer, the poling direction, and stress distribution are most important. In this thesis, unimorph and triple-morph diaphragm structures with various poling configurations were considered. Their energy generation was calculated with varying thickness ratios and poling directions at various locations using piezoelectric constitutive equations. The results of this analysis are presented, along with experimental results that indicate that an optimal electrode pattern will result in maximum electrical energy generation.
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This Paper proposes a methodology based on Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) to improve the spectrum estimates of Heart Rate Variability (HRV). The RR interval varies with different cardiac health conditions, therefore efficient and automatic detection is essential for reliable health condition monitoring. A pre-processing method is used to interpolate and resample the original RR-interval time series using cubic spline method to formulate re-sampled RR-interval time series. The Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) approach to decompose the HRV signal into several mono-component signals that become analytic signals by means of Hilbert transform .The frequency characteristics in Hilbert marginal spectrum (HMS) are evaluated to estimate the frequency spectra of heart rate variability signals. The results have been verified on standard MIT-BIH data bases of normal subjects at 1000 data sample points The results shows that spectral analysis of Hilbert marginal spectrum (HMS) based on Hilbert-Huang transform serves a better metric for heart health evaluation in comparison to Fast Fourier transform (FFT) based Power Spectral Density (PSD) analysis.
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The confidentiality of the data is the main requisites for a good communication. Cryptography brings out different ways to secure the information transmitted. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric block cipher that was developed in 2001 to achieve secrecy. Since then there are a lot of researches done on this topic to improve the performance. Authentication to this encrypted data is provided by Galois/Counter mode (GCM). A study of hardware implementations of AES-GCM is presented in this paper.
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To monitor human activities, such as pedestrian motion and detection of intruders in a secure region we are widely using the Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS). The efficiency of UGS systems is often limited by high false alarm rates, possibly due to inadequacies of the underlying algorithms and limitations of onboard computation. In this regard, this paper presents a waveletbased method for target detection and classification. The proposed method has been validated on data sets of seismic and Passive Infrared sensors (PIR) for target detection and classification, as well as for payload and movement type identification of the targets. The proposed method has the advantages of fast execution in less time and low memory requirements and is potentially well-suited for real-time implementation with onboard UGS systems.
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Recent growth in information technology and wireless communications has created number of opportunities for enhancing the performance of existing signal transmission and processing systems and has provided a strong motivation for developing novel devices and systems which is used in different application and areas such as GSM at UHF band, DCS(digital communication system), personal communication system ,GPS at L band, UMTS(universal mobile telecommunication system),WLAN, RFID and other satellite broad casting services. Three iterations of the stacked array micro strip line fractal multiband antenna are examined. Fractals have very unique property of self similarity which differentiates itself from other kind of antennas. Multiband property of antenna provides multiple usages in the Multi-band and broad-band antennas design and application. The electromagnetic simulation of the proposed antenna has been carried out using IE3D software which work on principle of Method of Moment. Return loss, VSWR, smith chart, antenna efficiency and radiation pattern etc. can be evaluated for given design.
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In this paper we discuss the generation of possible optical soliton pulses for a long-haul optical communication system by using different modulation formats for the input to Laser source and then identified the best suitable format for the generation of the same. Simulative analysis among the NRZ Rectangular, NRZ Raised Cosine, RZ Rectangular, RZ Raised Cosine, RZ Super Gaussian and RZ soliton formats through a driver on the single mode fiber transmission link carried out by investigating Eye diagram, BER, Jitter, Q-factor.
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Texture segmentation has a vital role in pattern recognition and image processing. Segmentation process is used to recognize uniform textures and identify boundaries among those regions. Feature extraction and classification are two important aspects of segmentation procedures. Image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into sets of pixels. The pixel values correspond to light intensity in one or several spectral bands (gray images or colour images), but can also be related to various physical measures, such as depth, absorption or reflectance of sonic or electromagnetic waves, or nuclear magnetic resonance. Several factors affect the quality and information content of biomedical images. The proposed method is based on two stages. Thresholding is used in first stage to give a preliminary result. A second stage then refines the threshold value based on local spatial characteristics of the regions formed in the first stage
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Serrated microstrip patch antennas are gaining their importance due to several advantages over conventional antennas. The serrated microstrip patch antennas are working at multiband with stable gain and Omni directional radiation pattern. Low profile and ease of fabrication is making these antennas as attractive candidates for present day communication systems. This paper deals with the design and performance evaluation of pyramidal serrated aperture antennas, depending on the element spacing between them. A comparative study is done on three models with different spacing lengths and the overall performance characteristics are presented in this paper. For Simulational characterization, commercial Ansoft
HFSS software is used in this work.
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In this paper two micro strip band stop filter are designs and compare with open stub and cascade U-section in between open stub at center frequency 2 GHz with FBW 1 at 2 GHz. The value of f1 is 1.25 and f2 is 2.75 GHz.
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This paper presents a novel method for hierarchical image segmentation and noise removal using binary trees. A binary tree structure is utilized to efficiently model and code geometrical information within images. In Existing methods Noise removal is not performed Hence we get noisy image as output In proposed tree based method is more efficient for a wide range of contour features such as junctions, corners and ridges, especially at low bit rates. Image is segmented using binary trees Image denoising methods using Haar wavelet transforms is implemented in this paper. Based on the Haar wavelet, a class of multi-channel non orthogonal filter bank is designed. As a special case of this filter
bank, a double Haar wavelet transform is introduced.
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Harvesting fruits by human consumes more time and the labour cost is very high. To overcome this, the concept of using autonomous robots for harvesting fruits is described in this paper. Ripening of tomatoes won’t occur at the same time and hence it is a complex task to develop a robot that recognize and localize the Ripen Tomato (RT).Camera is used to take images of the fruit which is sent to the image processing unit. Segmentation algorithm is used to recognize and localize the RT. PIC 16F877 controller is used to control the entire system. The controller drives the Robot model to pick the fruit with the help of Relay driver unit. The accuracy of harvesting the fruit is about 80% and it takes 10s to pick one tomato.
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In this paper, we compare the performance characteristic of pre and post compensation to reducing the chromatic dispersion using RZ and NRZ modulation at 10 Gb/s were transmitted over 2000-km standard single-mode fiber using an alternating dispersion compensation scheme in a recirculation loop with 100 km amplifier spacing.
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